Translation Process in Biology

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Questions and Answers

The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the start codon, which is ______.

AUG

TRNA-Met, carrying ______, binds to the start codon at the P site of the ribosome.

methionine

Elongation factors are required as ______ bring amino acids to the A site of the ribosome.

tRNAs

A peptide bond forms between the amino acids at the P site and ______ site.

A Signup and view all the answers

Translation ends at a ______ codon.

STOP Signup and view all the answers

What role do initiation factors play in the process of translation?

They mediate the binding of the large ribosomal subunit to mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

During elongation, what happens immediately after a peptide bond is formed?

The ribosome translocates to the next codon. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the termination of translation?

The binding of release factors to the ribosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the P site in the ribosome during translation?

It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial amino acid added during protein synthesis?

Methionine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of translation with their respective roles:

Small ribosomal subunit = Binds to the mRNA at the start codon tRNA-Met = Carries the first amino acid Release factors = Cause release of the polypeptide chain Peptide bond = Forms between amino acids during elongation Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of translation with their descriptions:

Initiation = Formation of the initiation complex with mRNA Elongation = Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide Termination = Release of the completed polypeptide at the STOP codon Translocation = Movement of the ribosome to the next codon Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions in translation:

A site = Binding site for incoming tRNAs carrying amino acids P site = Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain E site = Exits tRNA after release of the polypeptide Initiation factors = Proteins that assist in the formation of the initiation complex Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of translation with their sequence in the process:

Binding of tRNA-Met = 1st step in initiation Forming peptide bonds = Key action during elongation Release of the polypeptide = Final step in termination Translocating the ribosome = Occurs after peptide bond formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of codons with their functions:

Start codon = Initiates translation process Stop codon = Signals termination of translation AUG codon = Specifies methionine as the initial amino acid Codons in mRNA = Encode the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Initiation

The small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA at the start codon (AUG)
tRNA-Met carrying methionine binds to the start codon in the P site of the ribosome
The large ribosomal subunit joins to form the full initiation complex
The process is mediated by initiation factors (proteins)
Methionine (Met) is removed from the polypeptide sequence after initiation

Elongation

Elongation factors are required
tRNAs bring amino acids to the A site of the ribosome, matching the mRNA codon
A peptide bond forms between the amino acids at the P site and A site
The ribosome moves (translocates) to the next codon, shifting the tRNA to the E site, where it exits

Termination

Translation ends at a STOP codon
Release factors bind, causing the ribosome to release the completed polypeptide chain

Initiation

The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA, starting at the AUG codon, recognized as the start codon.
tRNA-Met, carrying the amino acid methionine, binds to the start codon at the P site of the ribosome.
The large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit and the tRNA-Met, forming the complete initiation complex.
Initiation factors, which are proteins, assist in the process of initiation.
After the initiation process is complete, the methionine (Met) is typically removed from the polypeptide sequence.

Elongation

Elongation factors, proteins that facilitate the process, are required for elongation.
tRNAs bring amino acids to the A site of the ribosome. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid that matches the mRNA codon at the A site.
A peptide bond is formed between the amino acid at the P site and the amino acid at the A site.
The ribosome moves to the next codon, shifting the tRNA that was in the A site to the P site and the tRNA from the P site to the E site, where it exits.

Termination

Translation is terminated when a STOP codon is reached on the mRNA.
Release factors, proteins that bind to the STOP codon, cause the ribosome to release the completed polypeptide chain.

Initiation

The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG).
The tRNA carrying methionine (tRNA-Met) binds to the start codon at the P site of the ribosome.
The large ribosomal subunit joins to form the full initiation complex.
Initiation factors (proteins) mediate the process.
The methionine (Met) is removed from the polypeptide sequence after initiation.

Elongation

Elongation factors are required for this stage.
tRNAs bring amino acids to the A site of the ribosome, according to the matching mRNA codon.
A peptide bond forms between the amino acids at the P site and A site.
The ribosome translocates to the next codon, shifting the tRNA to the E site, where it exits.

Termination

Translation ends at a STOP codon.
Release factors bind to the STOP codon, causing the ribosome to release the completed polypeptide chain.

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Description

This quiz covers the key steps of translation in protein synthesis, including initiation, elongation, and termination. Learn about the roles of ribosomal subunits, tRNA, and various factors involved in this critical biological process.