Transition from Authoritarian Regimes to Democracy in Latin America

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What does Kritz suggest about the impact of impunity?

It discourages further violence

It leads to immediate peace

It has no effect on future violence

It emboldens perpetrators of past atrocities (correct)

What was the outcome of the 1999 Lomé peace accord in Sierra Leone?

Fighting broke out within two months (correct)

All members of RUF were granted amnesty

Permanent peace was achieved

Immediate disarmament by all parties

How did the Special Court for Sierra Leone contribute to ending violence?

By granting blanket amnesties

By awarding positions in the unity government

By issuing de facto amnesties

By prosecuting human rights abusers (correct)

What impact did the South Sudanese government's approach have on the country according to Keppler?

It emboldened abusive leaders Signup and view all the answers

How did the expectation of blanket amnesties affect potential human rights abusers?

It emboldened them to continue committing atrocities Signup and view all the answers

Why does Kritz challenge the assertion that blanket amnesties bring about peace?

Because they are ineffective in preventing future violence Signup and view all the answers

What is the success rate of amnesties offered to rebel groups according to quantitative studies?

34% Signup and view all the answers

How many states offered an amnesty more than three times between 1974 and 2007?

19 states Signup and view all the answers

What do opponents of blanket amnesties primarily raise concerns about?

Impunity Signup and view all the answers

Which three countries are mentioned as examples where long-term imposition of blanket amnesties did not result in desired collective amnesia for atrocity crimes?

Argentina, Chile, Spain Signup and view all the answers

How many states offered an amnesty more than once between 1974 and 2007?

28 states Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why some consider blanket amnesties to be ineffective in ending violence?

They contribute to impunity Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason opponents of the sequencing theory argue against blanket amnesties?

It undermines the credibility of future promises. Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice declare blanket amnesties unconstitutional?

2005 Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the utility of a blanket amnesty as highlighted in the text?

Unconditionality in shielding recipients from future prosecution. Signup and view all the answers

Which Latin American states have formally or informally annulled their amnesty laws according to the text?

Uruguay, Peru, and Chile Signup and view all the answers

Why have judicial bodies started challenging amnesty laws in recent years?

To justify further investigations into human rights violations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern raised about the long-term effectiveness of using blanket amnesties as an approach to conflict resolution?

They may only be successfully utilized a few times before losing credibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key idea conveyed in the text regarding conflict resolution?

Every conflict requires a unique approach. Signup and view all the answers

What issues fall under the definition of atrocity crimes?

Genocide and war crimes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary argument presented in the text regarding conflict resolution?

Justice should be considered from the start of conflict resolution efforts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critique mentioned in the text regarding the pro-justice argument?

It is always infallible. Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge faced by the pro-justice approach according to the text?

Assumption of infallibility Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assertion made in the text regarding the relationship between justice and peace?

A pro-justice approach is essential for sustainable peace. Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of the debate between peace and justice?

Whether one should take precedence over the other Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument made by those who advocate for peace taking precedence over justice?

Justice and accountability lead to prolonged conflicts Signup and view all the answers

How does the paper argue against the dichotomous debate of peace versus justice?

By defining peace more broadly and justice beyond retribution Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a necessary and fundamental aspect of attaining peace, according to the text?

Accountability and justice Signup and view all the answers

Why do advocates for justice and accountability claim that sustainable peace is not possible without them?

Because justice and accountability are essential for enduring peace Signup and view all the answers

In what sense does the paper suggest that understanding justice transcends retribution?

By viewing justice as integral to attaining lasting peace Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reconciliation measures, including reparations, according to Sooka?

Building social solidarity amongst citizens Signup and view all the answers

Why does Sooka emphasize a victim-centered approach to post-conflict justice?

To provide closure to victims Signup and view all the answers

In the context of post-conflict justice, why is a solely retributive approach not recommended?

It risks destabilizing fragile conflict situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect highlighted by Sooka for establishing peace in a sustainable manner?

Rebuilding trust in government institutions Signup and view all the answers

How does acknowledging the pain and suffering of victims contribute to reconciliation?

By allowing for closure and reconciliation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with pursuing post-conflict justice, according to critics?

Destabilizing fragile conflict situations Signup and view all the answers

What has undermined the Court's neutrality according to the text?

Political relationship with the UNSC Signup and view all the answers

Which UNSC power highlighted the ICC's status as a political tool?

Article 16 Signup and view all the answers

What allows the UNSC to refer a situation to the ICC regardless of a State's ratification status?

Article 16 of the Rome Statute Signup and view all the answers

What countries are exempt from ICC prosecution due to not being parties to the Rome Statute?

USA, China, Japan Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Moreno-Ocampo hold a joint press conference with President Museveni?

2004 Signup and view all the answers

Why was the ICC strongly criticized in Uganda according to the text?

For not prosecuting crimes against Acholi people by UPDF Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ICC facing allegations of political bias and selective justice?

As a result of tensions between its judicial mandate and the belief that justice contributes to peace Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced by the ICC in effectively pursuing justice?

The inability to demarcate between judicial and political considerations Signup and view all the answers

Why has political interference been detrimental to the ICC's pursuit of effective justice?

It has resulted in an inability to maintain independence and impartiality Signup and view all the answers

How does the strict demarcation between political and judicial considerations impact the pursuit of justice?

It ensures that justice is always perceived as just Signup and view all the answers

What impact does political bias have on the legitimacy of the ICC in pursuing justice?

Undermines its legitimacy and effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

How does the belief that justice contributes to peace create challenges for the ICC?

It creates tensions with its strictly judicial mandate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding pushing for justice in cases of atrocity crimes, as discussed in the text?

It may embolden accused leaders to fight for survival, leading to more violence. Signup and view all the answers

According to critics, why might pushing for trials undermine attempts to negotiate peace agreements in intractable conflicts?

It provides little incentive for guilty leaders to disarm. Signup and view all the answers

What strategic factor makes the threat of indictment less effective when applied to those already in power?

Indictment loses deterrent power as those in power are immune. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the ICC's initial indictment of Sudan's al-Bashir for crimes against humanity and war crimes?

13 humanitarian aid agencies were expelled, affecting over one million people. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the ICC's refusal to withdraw indictments against Joseph Kony and other LRA commanders considered detrimental to peace negotiations in Uganda?

It undermined Uganda's 2000 Amnesty Act. Signup and view all the answers

How did the ICC's actions impact access to basic necessities for over one million people, as mentioned in the text?

It resulted in the expulsion of humanitarian aid agencies. Signup and view all the answers