Podcast
Questions and Answers
What causes the blue color in copper complexes?
What causes the blue color in copper complexes?
How does the identity of ligands affect the color of a transition metal complex?
How does the identity of ligands affect the color of a transition metal complex?
In tetrahedral complexes like [CoCl4]2−, which d orbitals are at a higher energy level?
In tetrahedral complexes like [CoCl4]2−, which d orbitals are at a higher energy level?
Which copper complex is described as having a very deep shade of blue?
Which copper complex is described as having a very deep shade of blue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of ammonia ligands on the d orbital splitting in copper complexes?
What is the effect of ammonia ligands on the d orbital splitting in copper complexes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which transition metal has an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2?
Which transition metal has an electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following transition metals commonly forms a +3 oxidation state?
Which of the following transition metals commonly forms a +3 oxidation state?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common oxidation state for manganese?
What is the most common oxidation state for manganese?
Signup and view all the answers
Which transition metal can have oxidation states of +1 and +2?
Which transition metal can have oxidation states of +1 and +2?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about transition metals is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about transition metals is incorrect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common oxidation state of titanium?
What is the common oxidation state of titanium?
Signup and view all the answers
Which element has the highest common oxidation state according to the provided information?
Which element has the highest common oxidation state according to the provided information?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the variable oxidation states of transition metals?
What is the primary reason for the variable oxidation states of transition metals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concentration of the ion $Cu(H2O)5Cl^+$ at equilibrium?
What is the concentration of the ion $Cu(H2O)5Cl^+$ at equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
In the reaction involving $[PtCl4]^{2−}(aq)$ and $NH3(aq)$, what are the products formed?
In the reaction involving $[PtCl4]^{2−}(aq)$ and $NH3(aq)$, what are the products formed?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a higher stability constant indicate about the interaction of a transition metal ion with a ligand?
What does a higher stability constant indicate about the interaction of a transition metal ion with a ligand?
Signup and view all the answers
When thiocyanate ions are added to a solution of iron(III) ions, what happens?
When thiocyanate ions are added to a solution of iron(III) ions, what happens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sub-shell is filled last when transition elements form ions?
Which sub-shell is filled last when transition elements form ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula of the red complex formed when $Fe^{3+}$ ions react with thiocyanate ions?
What is the formula of the red complex formed when $Fe^{3+}$ ions react with thiocyanate ions?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the common oxidation state of +2 significant for many transition elements?
Why is the common oxidation state of +2 significant for many transition elements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum oxidation state of vanadium and what electrons does it involve?
What is the maximum oxidation state of vanadium and what electrons does it involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when fluoride ions are added to the red solution of $Fe^{3+}$ and SCN−?
What occurs when fluoride ions are added to the red solution of $Fe^{3+}$ and SCN−?
Signup and view all the answers
What color is observed when copper(II) ions are present in a solution?
What color is observed when copper(II) ions are present in a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following ions represents a transition element in a +6 oxidation state?
Which of the following ions represents a transition element in a +6 oxidation state?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes scandium and zinc from transition elements?
What distinguishes scandium and zinc from transition elements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligand results in a higher stability constant when interacting with $Fe^{3+}$ ions?
Which ligand results in a higher stability constant when interacting with $Fe^{3+}$ ions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the electronic configuration of the Cu2+ ion?
Which is the electronic configuration of the Cu2+ ion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the highest oxidation state achieved by manganese, and why?
What is the highest oxidation state achieved by manganese, and why?
Signup and view all the answers
What would be the predicted maximum stable oxidation state for zirconium?
What would be the predicted maximum stable oxidation state for zirconium?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the electric charge characteristic of the trans-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
What is the electric charge characteristic of the trans-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is a feature of the cis-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
Which is a feature of the cis-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of isomerism is shown by the octahedral complex with bidentate ligands like 1,2-diaminoethane?
What type of isomerism is shown by the octahedral complex with bidentate ligands like 1,2-diaminoethane?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the cis-isomer of [Ni(en)2(H2O)2]2+ optically active?
Why is the cis-isomer of [Ni(en)2(H2O)2]2+ optically active?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for the charge imbalance in the cis-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
What is the main reason for the charge imbalance in the cis-isomer of [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the trans-isomer of [Ni(en)2(H2O)2]2+?
Which statement accurately describes the trans-isomer of [Ni(en)2(H2O)2]2+?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be said about the arrangement of ligands in the trans-isomer that contributes to its non-polarity?
What can be said about the arrangement of ligands in the trans-isomer that contributes to its non-polarity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes optical isomers?
Which of the following best describes optical isomers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species are included in the equilibrium expression for the stability constant Kstab?
Which species are included in the equilibrium expression for the stability constant Kstab?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a log10Kstab value of 5.6 imply about the complex ion concentrations?
What does a log10Kstab value of 5.6 imply about the complex ion concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when concentrated ammonia is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride?
What happens when concentrated ammonia is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride?
Signup and view all the answers
In the ligand exchange reaction involving [Cu(H2O)5Cl]+, which ion is replaced by chloride during the second step?
In the ligand exchange reaction involving [Cu(H2O)5Cl]+, which ion is replaced by chloride during the second step?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following represents the correct expression for calculating Kstab in the ligand exchange reaction?
Which of the following represents the correct expression for calculating Kstab in the ligand exchange reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of the copper(II) complex with ammonia compared to chloride?
What is a characteristic feature of the copper(II) complex with ammonia compared to chloride?
Signup and view all the answers
When determining the units of Kstab, what is the primary concentration unit used?
When determining the units of Kstab, what is the primary concentration unit used?
Signup and view all the answers
What observation would you make when 0.15 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is mixed with the complex ion [Cu(H2O)5Cl]+?
What observation would you make when 0.15 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is mixed with the complex ion [Cu(H2O)5Cl]+?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Transition Elements
- Transition elements are found in the d-block of the periodic table, between groups 2 and 13.
- Not all d-block elements are transition elements.
- A transition element is a d-block element that forms one or more stable ions with an incomplete d sub-shell.
- Scandium (Sc) and zinc (Zn) are not classified as transition elements.
- Scandium forms Sc³⁺ ions, with no electrons in the 3d sub-shell
- Zinc forms Zn²⁺ ions, with a complete 3d sub-shell.
Electronic Configurations of Transition Elements
- The 4s sub-shell is usually filled first, followed by the 3d sub-shell.
- Chromium and copper are exceptions.
- Chromium atoms have one electron in the 4s sub-shell and five in the 3d sub-shell.
- Copper atoms have one electron in the 4s sub-shell and ten in the 3d sub-shell.
Ions of Transition Elements
- Transition elements are metals.
- They tend to lose electrons, forming positively charged ions.
- They can form more than one positive ion (variable oxidation states).
- Transition metal ions often have different colours.
Oxidation States of Transition Elements
- Transition elements exhibit a range of oxidation states
- Table 24.2 shows common oxidation states of the first row elements.
- The similarity in energy levels of the 3d and 4s orbitals helps explain variable oxidation states.
- Variable oxidation states require the inclusion of oxidation numbers in naming transition metal compounds (e.g., manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2).
Redox Reactions of Transition Elements
- Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation state.
- Transition elements can participate in redox reactions.
- Example: Fe³⁺ reduced to Fe²⁺ by gaining one electron. Fe³⁺ acts as an oxidizing agent.
Physical Properties of Transition Metals
- High melting points and densities.
- Hard and rigid.
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Redox Titrations
- Redox titrations are used to determine unknown concentrations of transition metal ions in solution.
- A known volume of a solution with the unknown concentration is titrated against a solution of known concentration using a burette and indicator change in colour will signal when the reactants have reacted completely.
Ligands and Complex Ions
- Ligands are molecules or ions that bond to central transition metal ions.
- Co-ordination number: The number of co-ordinate bonds to the central metal ion.
- Monodentate ligands form one co-ordinate bond.
- Bidentate ligands form two co-ordinate bonds.
- Complexes: Ligands bonded to a central transition metal ion.
- Octahedral complex shape is common, containing six ligands.
- Many transition metal complexes have different colours.
- Complexes colours depend on the absorption of light with specific frequencies.
Stereoisomerism in Transition Metal Complexes
- Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.
- Cis- and trans-isomers of platinum are examples.
- Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images.
Substitution of Ligands
- Ligands in complexes can be exchanged for other ligands, forming new complexes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on transition elements and their electronic configurations. This quiz covers the properties of d-block elements, including their classification and the exceptions in filling electron sub-shells. Explore the formation of ions and the unique characteristics of these metals.
