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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of gene therapy?
What is the primary aim of gene therapy?
Which animal has been genetically modified to produce a substance that promotes red blood cell growth in humans?
Which animal has been genetically modified to produce a substance that promotes red blood cell growth in humans?
What is a major challenge associated with xenotransplantation from pigs to humans?
What is a major challenge associated with xenotransplantation from pigs to humans?
What is the benefit of breeding animals selectively?
What is the benefit of breeding animals selectively?
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What kind of diseases can gene insertion help prevent in animals?
What kind of diseases can gene insertion help prevent in animals?
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What novel product do genetically modified goats produce along with milk?
What novel product do genetically modified goats produce along with milk?
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How do transgenic cows differ from ordinary cows?
How do transgenic cows differ from ordinary cows?
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What is the purpose of producing toxicity sensitive transgenic animals?
What is the purpose of producing toxicity sensitive transgenic animals?
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What is the term for the phenomenon of introducing exogenous DNA into an organism's genome?
What is the term for the phenomenon of introducing exogenous DNA into an organism's genome?
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Which of the following was the first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S.?
Which of the following was the first genetically modified crop approved for sale in the U.S.?
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What type of organism is a Zebra danio categorized as?
What type of organism is a Zebra danio categorized as?
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What gene was inserted into mice embryos for GFP Mice?
What gene was inserted into mice embryos for GFP Mice?
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What is a key characteristic of transgenic organisms?
What is a key characteristic of transgenic organisms?
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Which of the following was the first transgenic plant produced?
Which of the following was the first transgenic plant produced?
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What does the term 'GMO' stand for?
What does the term 'GMO' stand for?
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Which of the following was a milestone in the history of transgenic plants?
Which of the following was a milestone in the history of transgenic plants?
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What is the primary function of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in scientific research?
What is the primary function of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in scientific research?
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What are the main components of the GFP protein structure?
What are the main components of the GFP protein structure?
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How does the antifreeze protein promoter impact the growth of transgenic fish?
How does the antifreeze protein promoter impact the growth of transgenic fish?
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In the context of GMOs, what makes transgenic cattle different from other transgenic organisms?
In the context of GMOs, what makes transgenic cattle different from other transgenic organisms?
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What is one application of GFP in embryonic and fetal research?
What is one application of GFP in embryonic and fetal research?
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What is a defining characteristic of transgenic tilapia, salmon, and catfish compared to wild-type fish?
What is a defining characteristic of transgenic tilapia, salmon, and catfish compared to wild-type fish?
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What is the outcome of incorporating genetically altered stem cells into a host's embryo?
What is the outcome of incorporating genetically altered stem cells into a host's embryo?
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Which of the following proteins works in tandem with GFP to produce visible light in jellyfish?
Which of the following proteins works in tandem with GFP to produce visible light in jellyfish?
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Study Notes
Transgene Expression
- Transgene: A foreign gene or genetic material transferred from one organism to another, either naturally or via genetic engineering.
- Transgenesis: The process of introducing exogenous DNA into an organism's genome to create a stable and heritable trait. This has the potential to alter the organism's phenotype.
- Transgenic Plants/Animals: Organisms whose genomes have been altered by introducing one or more transgenes.
Introduction
- Transgene Definition: A foreign gene or genetic material transferred from one organism to another.
- Transgenesis Definition: Introducing exogenous DNA into an organism's genome to create a permanent heritable trait.
- Transgenic Organisms: Plants or animals with altered genomes that contain transgenes.
History
- 1982: First transgenic plant (antibiotic resistant tobacco plant) is produced.
- 1984: First successful plant genetic engineering experiment using a cauliflower virus vector.
- 1994: First genetically modified crop approved in the US (FlavrSavr tomato).
- 1995: First pesticide-producing crop (Bt Potato) approved.
- 1996: First genetically modified flower (Moondust, bluish carnation) is introduced.
- 2000: Golden rice (with beta-carotene) developed for increased nutrient value.
- 2013: Scientists Robert Fraley, Marc Van Montagu, and Marry Dell Chilton receive the World Food Prize for developing a genetically engineered crop.
Transgenic Organisms
- Image of glowing cats.
Definitions
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms whose genes have been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
- Transgenic Organisms: Most GMOs are transgenic, meaning they've received genes from a different organism. Example: A mouse with a human gene.
Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
- Method: Isolates stem cells from embryos, inserts the desired gene, and incorporates these cells into the host embryo, creating a chimeric animal.
GMOs at Home
- GloFish: A zebra danio fish genetically modified with a gene from sea coral. This gene allows the fish to glow in the presence of toxins.
GMOs in Research
- GFP Mice: Mice engineered to express GFP (green fluorescent protein) from jellyfish. This protein is used in research to track the protein's cellular location.
- GFP's use in research: GFP is a reporter protein useful for tracking proteins within cells and organisms.
- GFP and MFD: GFP attached to MFD protein allows scientists to track protein location within peroxisomes.
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
- GFP Source: A protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
- GFP Function: Emits green fluorescence when exposed to light.
- GFP Structure: Contains 238 amino acids, specifically amino acids 65-67 form a structure which emits green fluorescent light.
- GFP Interactions: Interacts with the protein aequorin in jellyfish, resulting in a blue light emission with the addition of calcium.
- GFP Use: Biologists use GFP to track cell development in embryos and fetuses.
Transgenic Cattle
- Milk Protein Increase: Dairy cows carrying extra casein genes produce 13% more milk protein.
- Nutritional and Processing Benefits: This increase makes milk more nutritious and allows for more efficient cheese production.
- FDA Review: Current milk from these cows is under FDA review.
- DNA Type: The added DNA is not foreign (as in other transgenics).
Transgenic Fish
- Growth Rate Increase: These fish grow up to 6 times faster than wild-type counterparts.
- Growth Hormone Gene (GH): Most transgenic fish have extra copies of the growth hormone (GH) gene.
- Antifreeze Protein Promoter: Transgene that increases growth uses an antifreeze promoter from poutfish connected to salmon growth hormone cDNA coding region. The increased growth happens in cooler water conditions.
Importance
- Agricultural, Medical, Industrial Uses: Transgenic technology has potential to improve human welfare through several fields.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of transgenes and transgenesis in this quiz. Learn about the definition of transgenes, the process of introducing foreign genes into organisms, and the significant milestones in the history of transgenic plants and animals. Test your knowledge on how these scientific advancements have shaped modern genetics.
