Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is credited with introducing the concept of transformations to linguistics?
Who is credited with introducing the concept of transformations to linguistics?
- Noam Chomsky
- Zellig Harris (correct)
- Louis Hjelmslev
- Albert Sechehaye
What is transformational grammar?
What is transformational grammar?
- A theory of generative grammar
- A set of defined operations to produce new sentences from existing ones
- A system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences (correct)
- A method of analyzing the structure of sentences
Who were some of the humanistic grammarians who developed transformational analysis?
Who were some of the humanistic grammarians who developed transformational analysis?
- Albert Sechehaye and Sanctius
- Plato and Aristotle
- Thomas Linacre and Julius Caesar Scaliger (correct)
- Noam Chomsky and Louis Hjelmslev
What is the difference between semantics and syntax?
What is the difference between semantics and syntax?
What is generative algebra?
What is generative algebra?
What is functional grammar?
What is functional grammar?
What is the historical context of transformational analysis?
What is the historical context of transformational analysis?
What is the difference between the humanistic classics and the modern notion of universal grammar?
What is the difference between the humanistic classics and the modern notion of universal grammar?
What are the two types of rules in transformational generative grammar?
What are the two types of rules in transformational generative grammar?
What did Katz and Fodor's research on English grammar employ?
What did Katz and Fodor's research on English grammar employ?
Why couldn't Katz and Fodor's findings be generalized cross-linguistically?
Why couldn't Katz and Fodor's findings be generalized cross-linguistically?
What is Chomsky's Minimalist Program?
What is Chomsky's Minimalist Program?
What is the initial state of the cognitive language faculty according to Chomsky?
What is the initial state of the cognitive language faculty according to Chomsky?
What is the difference between deep structure and surface structure in Chomsky's theory?
What is the difference between deep structure and surface structure in Chomsky's theory?
What is the core observation about elegance in language?
What is the core observation about elegance in language?
What is the difference between the surface structure and the deep structure of a sentence?
What is the difference between the surface structure and the deep structure of a sentence?
What is the concept of agent and patient in active and passive sentences?
What is the concept of agent and patient in active and passive sentences?
What is the role of transformations in language according to Sanctius?
What is the role of transformations in language according to Sanctius?
What did Ferdinand de Saussure argue for in linguistic analysis?
What did Ferdinand de Saussure argue for in linguistic analysis?
What is the difference between the transformational grammar of the 1960s and Renaissance linguistics?
What is the difference between the transformational grammar of the 1960s and Renaissance linguistics?
What is the basis of generative linguistics according to Chomsky and his colleagues?
What is the basis of generative linguistics according to Chomsky and his colleagues?
Which theory introduced the term 'transformation' in linguistics?
Which theory introduced the term 'transformation' in linguistics?
What is the input for a typical transformation in TG?
What is the input for a typical transformation in TG?
What is the purpose of subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI) transformation in TG?
What is the purpose of subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI) transformation in TG?
In which theory did transformations come to be viewed as holding over trees?
In which theory did transformations come to be viewed as holding over trees?
What did transformations become in the late 1980s according to government and binding theory?
What did transformations become in the late 1980s according to government and binding theory?
Which type of transformation adds information to already existing trees by copying constituents?
Which type of transformation adds information to already existing trees by copying constituents?
What was the earliest conception of transformations in linguistics?
What was the earliest conception of transformations in linguistics?
What did the construction-specific transformations morph into in the 1970s?
What did the construction-specific transformations morph into in the 1970s?
What is the single general rule that replaces the construction-specific transformations?
What is the single general rule that replaces the construction-specific transformations?
Flashcards
Transformational Grammar
Transformational Grammar
A theory of grammar that posits two levels of sentence representation: deep structure and surface structure.
Deep Structure
Deep Structure
The underlying, abstract meaning of a sentence, representing its core structure.
Surface Structure
Surface Structure
The actual arrangement of words in a sentence as it is spoken or written.
Generative Algebra
Generative Algebra
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Functional Grammar
Functional Grammar
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Phrase Structure Rules
Phrase Structure Rules
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Transformational Rules
Transformational Rules
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Semantics
Semantics
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Syntax
Syntax
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Chomsky's Minimalist Program
Chomsky's Minimalist Program
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Initial State of the Cognitive Language Faculty
Initial State of the Cognitive Language Faculty
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Elegance in Language
Elegance in Language
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Agent
Agent
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Patient
Patient
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Sanctius
Sanctius
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure
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Input for Transformation
Input for Transformation
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Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI)
Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI)
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Copying Transformations
Copying Transformations
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Earliest Conception of Transformations
Earliest Conception of Transformations
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Construction-Specific Transformations
Construction-Specific Transformations
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Transformations on Trees
Transformations on Trees
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Government and Binding Theory
Government and Binding Theory
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Study Notes
Transformational Grammar and Linguistics
- The concept of transformations in linguistics is credited to Noam Chomsky.
Transformational Grammar
- Transformational grammar is a theory of grammar that posits that sentences have two levels of representation: deep structure and surface structure.
Humanistic Grammarians
- Humanistic grammarians who developed transformational analysis include Sanctius.
Semantics vs. Syntax
- Semantics deals with the meaning of sentences, while syntax deals with the arrangement of words to form sentences.
Generative Algebra
- Generative algebra is a mathematical approach to linguistics that deals with the study of grammar.
Functional Grammar
- Functional grammar is a linguistic theory that focuses on the functional relationships between elements in a sentence.
Historical Context of Transformational Analysis
- Transformational analysis has its roots in Renaissance linguistics, which emphasized the importance of understanding the underlying structure of language.
Humanistic Classics vs. Universal Grammar
- The humanistic classics viewed language as a product of culture and history, whereas the modern notion of universal grammar views language as an innate human ability.
Types of Rules in Transformational Generative Grammar
- There are two types of rules in transformational generative grammar: phrase structure rules and transformational rules.
Katz and Fodor's Research
- Katz and Fodor's research on English grammar employed a semantic theory that tried to relate the meaning of sentences to their syntactic structure.
- However, their findings could not be generalized cross-linguistically.
Chomsky's Minimalist Program
- Chomsky's Minimalist Program is a linguistic theory that aims to simplify the theory of grammar by reducing it to its most basic elements.
Initial State of the Cognitive Language Faculty
- According to Chomsky, the initial state of the cognitive language faculty is an innate capacity for language acquisition.
Deep Structure and Surface Structure
- In Chomsky's theory, deep structure refers to the underlying representation of a sentence, while surface structure refers to the actual arrangement of words in a sentence.
- The difference between deep structure and surface structure is that deep structure represents the underlying meaning of a sentence, while surface structure represents the physical arrangement of words.
Elegance in Language
- The core observation about elegance in language is that language has an inherent beauty and simplicity that can be uncovered through linguistic analysis.
Agent and Patient
- The concept of agent and patient refers to the roles of entities in active and passive sentences.
- In active sentences, the agent performs the action, while in passive sentences, the patient receives the action.
Sanctius' View of Transformations
- According to Sanctius, transformations play a crucial role in language by allowing speakers to convey different meanings through different sentence structures.
Ferdinand de Saussure's Argument
- Ferdinand de Saussure argued for the importance of studying language as a system of signs and symbols.
Renaissance Linguistics vs. Transformational Grammar
- The transformational grammar of the 1960s differed from Renaissance linguistics in its focus on the underlying structure of language rather than its surface-level features.
Basis of Generative Linguistics
- According to Chomsky and his colleagues, the basis of generative linguistics is the idea that language is an innate human ability that can be studied scientifically.
Introduction of the Term 'Transformation'
- The term 'transformation' was introduced into linguistics through the work of Noam Chomsky.
Input for a Typical Transformation
- The input for a typical transformation in TG is a phrase structure representation of a sentence.
Purpose of Subject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI) Transformation
- The purpose of the subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI) transformation is to form questions from declarative sentences.
Theory of Trees
- In some theories, transformations come to be viewed as holding over trees, which represent the syntactic structure of sentences.
Government and Binding Theory
- In the late 1980s, transformations became viewed as relations between nodes in a tree, according to government and binding theory.
Copying Constituents
- The type of transformation that adds information to already existing trees by copying constituents is called "copying transformations".
Earliest Conception of Transformations
- The earliest conception of transformations in linguistics dates back to the work of Sanctius.
Construction-Specific Transformations
- Construction-specific transformations morphed into a single general rule in the 1970s.
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Description
Test your knowledge of transformational generative grammar with this quiz! Challenge yourself to identify the two types of rules included in this theory and learn about the history of the concept. Keywords: transformational generative grammar, Chomsky, rules, phrase-structure, transformational.