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Questions and Answers
What is the primary result of the information encoded in an individual mRNA?
What is the primary result of the information encoded in an individual mRNA?
- Synthesis of a polypeptide (correct)
- Formation of multiple proteins at once
- Production of lipids
- Synthesis of a nucleotide
In eukaryotic organisms, where does transcription occur?
In eukaryotic organisms, where does transcription occur?
- In the mitochondria
- In the ribosomes
- In the cytoplasm
- In the nucleus (correct)
What is a significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
What is a significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
- Prokaryotic cells have multiple RNA types
- Eukaryotic genes are expressed without regulation
- Eukaryotic cells do not use transcription
- Eukaryotic transcription and translation are separated in space and time (correct)
Why do prokaryotic organisms generally not have a nucleus?
Why do prokaryotic organisms generally not have a nucleus?
What is the main function of the 5' cap added to pre-mRNA?
What is the main function of the 5' cap added to pre-mRNA?
Which modification is made to the 3' end of pre-mRNA?
Which modification is made to the 3' end of pre-mRNA?
Which statement about polypeptide chains is correct?
Which statement about polypeptide chains is correct?
Genomic DNA can be categorized based on what characteristics?
Genomic DNA can be categorized based on what characteristics?
What is the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing?
What is the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing?
What is the nature of the 5' cap added to pre-mRNA?
What is the nature of the 5' cap added to pre-mRNA?
What typically occurs after transcription in eukaryotic cells?
What typically occurs after transcription in eukaryotic cells?
Which statement is true about eukaryotic mRNA versus prokaryotic mRNA?
Which statement is true about eukaryotic mRNA versus prokaryotic mRNA?
Which feature differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes regarding gene expression?
Which feature differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes regarding gene expression?
What is the primary role of RNA polymerase ll in transcription?
What is the primary role of RNA polymerase ll in transcription?
Which strand of DNA serves as the template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?
Which strand of DNA serves as the template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?
What is formed when RNA polymerase ll encounters the terminator sequence?
What is formed when RNA polymerase ll encounters the terminator sequence?
The mRNA transcript is synthesized in which direction?
The mRNA transcript is synthesized in which direction?
How does the sequence of the mRNA compare to the coding DNA strand?
How does the sequence of the mRNA compare to the coding DNA strand?
What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?
What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?
Which factor can influence the rate of transcription initiation?
Which factor can influence the rate of transcription initiation?
What happens to the DNA double helix after RNA polymerase ll progresses along the template strand?
What happens to the DNA double helix after RNA polymerase ll progresses along the template strand?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the transcription initiation complex?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the transcription initiation complex?
What happens to the mRNA transcript in prokaryotes after transcription?
What happens to the mRNA transcript in prokaryotes after transcription?
What is the role of the polyadenylation signal sequence in eukaryotic transcription?
What is the role of the polyadenylation signal sequence in eukaryotic transcription?
What is pre-mRNA primarily characterized by in eukaryotes?
What is pre-mRNA primarily characterized by in eukaryotes?
Which enzyme is responsible for transcription in eukaryotes?
Which enzyme is responsible for transcription in eukaryotes?
How is mRNA processed in eukaryotes before it exits the nucleus?
How is mRNA processed in eukaryotes before it exits the nucleus?
In the process of transcription termination in eukaryotes, what occurs after the RNA polymerase II transcribes the polyadenylation signal?
In the process of transcription termination in eukaryotes, what occurs after the RNA polymerase II transcribes the polyadenylation signal?
Which statement is true regarding mRNA transcripts in prokaryotic cells?
Which statement is true regarding mRNA transcripts in prokaryotic cells?
What type of RNA is specifically responsible for carrying information needed for protein synthesis?
What type of RNA is specifically responsible for carrying information needed for protein synthesis?
What modification occurs to mRNA during eukaryotic transcription that does not occur in prokaryotes?
What modification occurs to mRNA during eukaryotic transcription that does not occur in prokaryotes?
Which sequence of nucleotides marks the beginning of a transcription unit?
Which sequence of nucleotides marks the beginning of a transcription unit?
Which component is NOT involved in the process of transcription termination in eukaryotes?
Which component is NOT involved in the process of transcription termination in eukaryotes?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II in transcription?
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase II in transcription?
What is a primary function of the terminator region in transcription?
What is a primary function of the terminator region in transcription?
In which direction does RNA polymerase II assemble nucleotides during transcription?
In which direction does RNA polymerase II assemble nucleotides during transcription?
Which specific sequence is known for its universal occurrence in promoter regions?
Which specific sequence is known for its universal occurrence in promoter regions?
What are the three basic stages of transcription?
What are the three basic stages of transcription?
Where is the transcription start site located relative to the promoter?
Where is the transcription start site located relative to the promoter?
What is the primary role of the terminator in transcription?
What is the primary role of the terminator in transcription?
What occurs during the initiation stage of transcription?
What occurs during the initiation stage of transcription?
What does 'upstream' refer to in the context of a transcription unit?
What does 'upstream' refer to in the context of a transcription unit?
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Study Notes
Transcription
- Central Dogma of Molecular Biology explains the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
- Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA.
- RNA Polymerase II is the enzyme that synthesizes mRNA, it can assemble nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction.
- Transcription Unit is a segment of DNA that contains a promoter, a gene, and a terminator.
- Promoter is a DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription.
- Terminator is a DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription.
###Â Mechanism of Transcription
- Initiation starts with the recognition of the promoter sequence by RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors.
- TATA box is a common promoter sequence with thymine (T) and adenine (A) nucleotides.
- Elongation involves RNA polymerase II using the noncoding DNA strand (3' to 5') as a template to assemble mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
- Termination occurs when RNA polymerase II reaches the terminator sequence in the DNA.
Modifications to mRNA Ends
- 5' cap is a modified guanosine triphosphate (GTP) nucleotide added to the 5' end of pre-mRNA.
- Poly-A tail is a chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of pre-mRNA.
- 5' cap and poly-A tail prevent mRNA degradation, facilitate export from the nucleus, and are recognized by the ribosome for translation.
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