Transcription: DNA to mRNA

Within the context of genetics, what constitutes the fundamental definition of a gene?

What is the primary function of transcription in gene expression?

Which of the following accurately lists the three main steps of transcription in the correct order?

What key event occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?

How do the antisense and sense strands of DNA differ in their roles during transcription?

In what direction does RNA polymerase synthesize the mRNA strand during transcription?

Which type of RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for transcribing protein-coding genes in eukaryotes?

What is the role of TFIIH in the transcription initiation process?

How do transcription factors exert control over gene expression?

What role do transcription activator proteins play in gene expression?

What is the function of a mediator in the context of transcriptional initiation?

How does the phosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II CTD (C-terminal domain) contribute to transcriptional regulation?

What is the primary function of chromosome remodeling factors during transcription?

What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

How does the process of transcription terminate in eukaryotes?

What happens to the residual RNA strand after it is cleaved from the mature mRNA during termination?

Which of the following is a key difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase I in eukaryotic cells?

Which genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III?

What are the three primary types of post-transcriptional modification that occur in eukaryotes?

What is the purpose of RNA capping, and where does it occur on the mRNA molecule?

How is the process of polyadenylation initiated, and what enzyme is primarily involved?

What is the significance of polyadenylation for mRNA molecules in eukaryotes?

What is the purpose of RNA splicing, and what material is removed during this process?

What is the clinical relevance of tamoxifen?

Which of the following must occur for RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription?

How does the modification of histones by acetylation typically affect transcription?

What is the role of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) in transcription?

Which of the following is NOT a known function of the 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA?

What would likely be the primary effect of a mutation that inactivates the poly(A) signal sequence in a eukaryotic gene?

What is the most likely consequence of a mutation that prevents the interaction between a transcription factor and its specific enhancer sequence?

How might a cell respond to an external signal to rapidly increase the production of a specific protein?

What describes the role of snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) in RNA splicing?

In what way might chromatin remodeling complexes affect gene transcription?

How does the presence of multiple transcription factor binding sites near a gene typically affect its transcription rate?

How does alternative splicing increase the coding potential of eukaryotic genomes?

Which of the following characteristics is unique to transcription in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes?

Which event is a direct result of phosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II?

How do small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) typically regulate gene expression?

Which of the following actions would prevent the elongation phase of transcription?

A mutation occurs that impairs the function of TFIIH. What would be the most likely consequence?

How does a gene exert its function at the molecular level?

What is the immediate product of transcription that requires further processing in eukaryotes?

If a cell's RNA polymerase II is non-functional, which process would be directly affected?

Which event marks the transition from transcription initiation to elongation?

How does the antisense strand of DNA contribute to transcription?

In what direction does the RNA polymerase move along the DNA template strand during transcription?

A mutation in RNA polymerase I would most directly affect the production of which type of RNA?

What enzymatic activity is associated with TFIIH that is critical for initiating transcription?

How do gene-specific transcription factors influence gene expression?

What role do transcription activator proteins play in influencing the rate of gene transcription?

What function does the mediator complex serve in transcriptional initiation?

How does phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II affect its function?

What is the primary role of chromosome remodeling factors during transcription?

Which of the following events occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

How is transcription terminated in eukaryotes?

Following the cleavage of the mRNA during termination, what happens to the residual RNA strand that remains attached to RNA polymerase?

What key feature distinguishes transcription in prokaryotes from transcription in eukaryotes?

What is the specific function of RNA polymerase III in eukaryotic cells?

What is a common characteristic of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III?

Which post-transcriptional modification protects mRNA from degradation by exonucleases?

What is the role of endonuclease in the process of polyadenylation?

Why is the polyadenylation of mRNA important for eukaryotic gene expression?

What is the primary purpose of RNA splicing in eukaryotes?

How does RNA splicing increase the coding potential of eukaryotic genomes?

What is the role of TFIIH in transcription?

How do chromosome remodeling complexes primarily affect gene transcription?

Which of the following modifications is necessary for RNA polymerase II to effectively initiate transcription?

What would be the most likely effect of a mutation that disrupts the function of the spliceosome?

Which of these steps is unique to transcription in eukaryotes and does not occur in prokaryotes?

What direct molecular event results from phosphorylating the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II?

What type of genes does RNA polymerase I transcribe?

What would be the consequence if a mutation caused a defect in TFIIH's helicase activity?

Tamoxifen reduces the risk of cancer returning, what kind of cancer is this referring to?

TF3A is recognised by which molecules?

What is the function of this definition: large protein complex that coordinates assembly of all proteins in the transcription initiation complex so transcription can begin?

What do transcription activator proteins bind to?

What is the function of exonuclease?

What unwinds the DNA strand in transcription?

A mutation prevents the binding of TF2D, what does this prevent?

What is the purpose of capping in post transcriptional modification

What signals cause the splitting of the RNA chain during polyadenylation?

What is removed from RNA splicing?

In prokaryotes, what is the term used when mRNAs contain many different genes on a single mRNA?

If a mutation occurred in the gene coding for TFIIH that impaired its helicase activity, what would be the most likely consequence?

How does the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II contribute to transcriptional regulation?

Which event is most directly facilitated by chromosome remodeling factors during transcription?

How does the antisense strand of DNA function in the process of transcription?

What distinguishes transcription in eukaryotes from transcription in prokaryotes?

What is the function of the poly(A) tail added during post-transcriptional modification?

Which of the following best describes the activity of transcription activator proteins?

What is the role of the mediator complex in transcriptional initiation?

During the termination phase of transcription in eukaryotes, what is the fate of the residual RNA strand that remains attached to RNA polymerase after the mature mRNA is cleaved?

Which of the following is a key function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA during post-transcriptional modification?

How do transcription factors typically control gene expression?

Tamoxifen, a medication used in breast cancer treatment, works by:

What is the function of endonuclease in the polyadenylation process?

In prokaryotes, what is meant by the term 'polycistronic' in the context of mRNA?

What is the function of TF3A in transcription?

What is the purpose of RNA capping?

What happens to the introns during RNA splicing?