Transcellular Fluid and Edema
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a transcellular fluid?

  • Intracellular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (correct)
  • Blood plasma

What type of cavities contain transcellular fluids?

  • Epithelial-lined cavities (correct)
  • Muscle-lined cavities
  • Bone-lined cavities
  • Nerve-lined cavities

Which of the following is NOT a transcellular fluid?

  • Peritoneal fluid
  • Intracellular fluid (correct)
  • Pleural fluid
  • Synovial fluid

Where are transcellular fluids primarily located?

<p>Within epithelial-lined cavities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid assists in lubricating joints?

<p>Synovial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pulmonary edema characterized by?

<p>Fluid buildup in the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does cerebral edema occur?

<p>In the brain tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of cerebral edema?

<p>Life-threatening conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing breathing difficulties due to fluid accumulation. Which condition is most likely present?

<p>Pulmonary edema. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with both pulmonary and cerebral edema?

<p>Impaired organ function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly treated using hypertonic solutions?

<p>Hyponatremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypertonic solutions on cells?

<p>Cells shrink due to water efflux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for cautious administration of hypertonic solutions?

<p>To prevent hypernatremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a hypertonic solution?

<p>Higher solute concentration than cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is 3% saline?

<p>Hypertonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of BiPAP compared to CPAP?

<p>Improved tidal volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is often relieved by BiPAP?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What respiratory rate change can BiPAP potentially cause?

<p>Reduced respiratory rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which patient group might BiPAP be more beneficial than CPAP?

<p>Patients with reduced lung function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of BiPAP?

<p>Provide alternating levels of pressure to improve breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement is important to monitor for fluid balance?

<p>Daily weights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an important vital sign to monitor?

<p>Heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring intake and output?

<p>To assess fluid balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can early intervention help avoid?

<p>Serious complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be monitored to detect imbalances?

<p>Lab values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of crackles (rales) in the lungs?

<p>Fluid in the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the respiratory cycle are crackles typically heard more distinctly?

<p>Inspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sound of crackles?

<p>Popping or crackling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with crackles in the lungs?

<p>Pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sounds are 'crackles (rales)'?

<p>Discontinuous, non-musical, interrupted sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcellular Fluids

Fluids within epithelial-lined spaces.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid within joint cavities.

Pleural Fluid

Fluid in the space surrounding the lungs.

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Peritoneal Fluid

Fluid in the abdominal cavity.

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Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs.

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Pulmonary edema symptom

Breathing difficulties caused by fluid in the lungs.

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Cerebral edema

Excess fluid within brain tissue.

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Cerebral edema severity

A life-threatening condition.

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Pulmonary edema vs. Cerebral edema

Both involve excess fluid accumulation.

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Hypertonic Solution

Solutions with a higher solute concentration than body fluids.

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Hyponatremia

A condition with abnormally low sodium levels in the blood.

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Hypertonic Solution Action

Raises sodium levels in extracellular fluid and pulls water out of cells.

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Hypertonic Saline Use

Used to treat severe hyponatremia.

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Hypertonic Saline Caution

Administer cautiously to avoid complications.

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What is BiPAP?

A type of non-invasive ventilation therapy.

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What is BiPAP's mechanism?

Alternating pressures to improve breathing.

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What are BiPAP's benefits?

Improved tidal volume, reduced respiratory rate, relieved shortness of breath.

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What is CPAP?

Delivers continuous positive pressure to keep airways open.

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Which is better for some patients, BiPAP or CPAP?

BiPAP.

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What do crackles indicate?

Air moving freely through airways.

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What do crackles sound like?

Popping, crackling sound (like rice crispy cereal).

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What causes crackles?

Fluid in the lungs (e.g., pneumonia, heart failure).

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When are crackles heard best?

More prominent during inspiration (inhaling).

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Describe crackles.

Discontinuous, non-musical, interrupted sounds that can be fine or coarse.

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Intake/Output Monitoring

Close observation of fluid intake versus output.

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Daily Weights

Regular measurement of body weight to assess fluid balance.

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Vital Signs Monitoring

Assessing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

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Lab Value Monitoring

Evaluating blood tests to check electrolyte and kidney function.

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Early Intervention

Taking quick action to address imbalances in older adults

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Study Notes

Classification of Blood Pressure

  • Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg.
  • Elevated: Systolic from 120-129 mmHg and diastolic less than 80 mmHg.
  • Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic from 130-139 mmHg or diastolic from 80-89 mmHg.
  • Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic from 140 mmHg and diastolic at least 90 mmHg.
  • Hypertensive Crisis: Systolic over 190-180 mmHg or diastolic over 120 mmHg .

Angina Types

  • Stable Angina (Classic/Effort Angina):
    • Pathophysiology: Fixed atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries causes, exercise induced which creates high oxygen demand which causes CP that radiates is predictable that is predictable with rest relieved by nitroglycerin.
    • Complications: Progression to MI or Unstable angina
    • Nursing Interventions: Monitor chest pain, administer SL nitroglycerin every 5 minutes (up to 3 doses), assess treatment response, encourage lifestyle modifications
    • Patient Teaching: Avoid triggers, carry nitroglycerin, exercise moderately.
  • Unstable Angina (Crescendo Angina):
    • Pathophysiology: Resulting from a high unstable plaque increases frequency and severity of chest pain occurs at rest and its high risk for Myochardinal inactions
    • Complications: Resulting in cardiac arrest as the diagnise indicates a high and rapid rate of ECG.
    • Nursing Interventions: Administer oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and morphine per protocol while monitoring cardiac performance as patient will need full attention.
    • Patient Teaching: Seek prompt emergency care, adhere to medications, adopt heart-healthy lifestyle modifications.
  • Vasospastic Angina (Prinzmetal's/Variant Angina):
    • Cause: Coronary artery spasms (not atherosclerosis); transient ST elevation with no permanent damage.
    • Symptoms: Severe, transient chest pain at rest; relieved by vasodilators.
    • Nursing Interventions: Administer calcium channel blockers and nitroglycerin.
    • Teaching: Avoid factors that trigger is low as there is too high of a Mi
  • Pre-Infarction Angina:
    • Cause: Severe narrowing of coronary arteries; high risk of MI. and dyspena so medical attention is neede at emergency response levels
    • Complications: Heart Attack causes shock due to severe drop and to control chest pain.
    • Recognise pain and call immediately for help and if and then medicate.

Understanding Catecholamines

  • Definition: Hormones from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic system involved in the "fight or flight" response. The bodies main are adrenaline or noradrenaline from amino acids that bind throughout the body
  • Role in the body functions which include increasing, heart rate, blood pressure, dilating the airways, and increasing alertness.

What causes catacholamines

Catecholamines cause the adrenal medulla to release a fight and or flight with stress the the sympathetic neverous system then causes these events.

Effects of Catecholamines

  • Multiple bodily functions such as Increasedd Heart, increasedd BP, respiratory airways, Alertness or and decrease pain or digestion with temporary changes.
  • Clincal relevance during these causes heart attacks, shock, or asthma attacks.
  • Clinical relevance with prolonged released can causes severe or prolonged stress which can lead to diabetes which effect cardiac function.

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Description

Explore transcellular fluids, their locations, and key examples like synovial fluid. Review conditions related to fluid accumulation, such as pulmonary and cerebral edema, and their potential consequences. These fluids are contained in epithelial-lined spaces.

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