Questions and Answers
What is the trait approach to personality?
Most research within the trait approach relies on correlational designs. Traits should be able to predict behavior.
What is meant by individual differences?
No absolute measurements, it's always relative.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the trait approach?
A strength: assesses and attempts to understand how people differ. A weakness: neglects aspects of personality common to all people and how each person is unique.
Why are people so inconsistent in their behavior?
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What is the situationist argument?
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What is interactionism?
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What are the three forms of interactionism?
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What criteria can be used to assess the accuracy of personality judgments?
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What is convergent validation and why is it important?
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What are the four moderators of personality judgment accuracy?
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What is the Good Judge?
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What is the Good Target?
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What are the Good Traits?
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What is Good Information?
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Explain the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM).
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What is the single trait approach?
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What is self-monitoring?
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What is narcissism?
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What is the lexical hypothesis?
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What are the five factors of the big five?
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What is the many-trait approach?
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How does the California Q-set work?
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What has the many-trait approach revealed about conservative and liberal ideology?
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What is the difference between a typology and continuum?
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Study Notes
Trait Approach to Personality
- Relies on correlational designs to predict behavior through traits.
- Individual differences are measured relatively, without absolutes.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Trait Approach
- Strength: Aims to understand how individuals differ in personality.
- Weakness: Overlooks unique personality aspects common to all individuals.
Inconsistency in Behavior
- Behaviors vary as personality traits are not the sole determinants of actions.
Situationist Argument
- Suggests that no single trait can predict behavior accurately or effectively.
Interactionism
- Combines personality aspects and situations to explain behavior—both play a vital role.
Forms of Interactionism
- Personality's effect may vary with different situations.
- Certain individuals gravitate towards specific situations.
- People influence their situations through their actions.
Assessing Personality Judgment Accuracy
- Criteria include interjudge agreement and behavioral predictions.
Convergent Validation
- Assembling varied information leading to a unified conclusion is crucial for personality assessment.
Moderators of Personality Judgment Accuracy
- Good Judge: High in communion and effective at identifying their judging strengths.
- Good Target: Individuals are stable, organized, and consistent; linked to psychological well-being.
- Good Traits: Traits that are easy to observe yield better inter-rater agreement.
- Good Information: Quantity and quality of information impact self-other agreement.
Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)
- Focuses on four processes: relevant, available, detect, and utilize.
Single Trait Approach
- Investigates a specific trait's behavioral correlates, antecedents, and consequences.
Self-Monitoring
- Measures the alignment between one's inner thoughts and outward behaviors across different situations.
Narcissism
- Defined as an excessive love for oneself.
Lexical Hypothesis
- Suggests that personality traits should be encapsulated in language and categorized accordingly.
Big Five Personality Factors
- Comprises Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience.
Many-Trait Approach
- Analyzes the correlation of one behavior across multiple traits.
California Q-set
- Utilizes 100 personality descriptions in phrases rather than single-word traits for more depth.
Many-Trait Approach Findings on Ideology
- Conservatives often display childhood traits of anxiety and stress management issues, prioritizing in-group loyalty and authority.
- Liberals tend to exhibit resourcefulness, independence, and confidence during childhood.
Typology vs. Continuum
- Typology: Binary classification (you are or you aren't).
- Continuum: Allows for placement on a scale indicating varying degrees of traits.
Moral Foundations Theory
- Examines the foundations affecting political ideologies and moral judgments.
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Description
Explore the trait approach to understanding personality through correlational designs and individual differences. Delve into the strengths, weaknesses, and the role of situations in shaping behavior. This quiz covers key concepts such as interactionism and assessing personality judgment accuracy.