Five Major Personality Factors Week 2

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which of the following represents the five major factors in personality according to the trait approach?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (correct)
Integrity, Honesty, Creativity, Optimism, Pessimism
Trustworthiness, Reliability, Intelligence, Ambition, Charm
Charisma, Sincerity, Emotional Intelligence, Assertiveness, Flexibility

Which theorist is associated with the disposition theory of personality?

Carl Jung
Sigmund Freud
McCrae and Costa (correct)
Alfred Adler

What is trait research primarily focused on?

Studying the behavior of individuals in specific situations
Identifying and measuring personality traits (correct)
Analyzing the influence of genetics on personality
Examining the effects of environment on behavior

Which of the following statements correctly describes the development of the Big Five personality factors?

The Big Five were identified through factor analysis of personality trait terms in natural language. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines situationism and interactionism in personality psychology?

Situationism emphasizes the role of environment and context in shaping behavior, while interactionism suggests that personality traits and situational factors work together. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some measurement issues related to the trait approach and factor analysis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations and advantages of the trait approach to personality?

It provides a comprehensive understanding of personality but lacks cultural considerations. (A), It is simple to understand but ignores environmental factors affecting behavior. (B), It allows for easy comparison of individuals but does not account for situational influences. (C), It is empirically supported but may oversimplify complex personalities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the commonly used labels for the five major trait dimensions in personality psychology?

Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotionality, and openness (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental assumption of the trait approach to personality?

Personality traits are stable inner qualities reflected in behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to trait theories, what are traits considered to be?

Quantitative dimensions along a continuum of behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

When researching traits, there are two key approaches to understanding the nature of personality: the empirical approach and the theoretical approach. Which option describes one of these approaches?

Empirical approach focuses on observation and experimentation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What method did Raymond Cattell use to identify the 16 primary factors of personality?

Factor analysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Hans Eysenck's theoretical approach, the two 'supertraits' on a continuum are:

Introversion—Extraversion (B), Emotionality—Stability (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of the trait names identified by Cattell in his initial factor analysis? Select all that apply.

Warmth (A), Emotional Stability (B), Dominance (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the trait approach to personality, which of the following statements is true?

People possess unique trait patterns that define their personality. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Hippocrates and Galen, which of the following personality types reflects an optimistic disposition?

Sanguine (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung (1933), how do introverts and extraverts typically respond to stress?

Introverts withdraw into themselves, extraverts seek out others. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a true typology, how are types represented?

As distinct and discontinuous categories (B) Signup and view all the answers

What assumption does trait theory make about personality traits compared to early type theories?

Trait theory assumes traits are continuous dimensions of variability. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to the belief that traits exist in the same way in every person, allowing comparisons among individuals?

Nomothetic view (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the idiographic view emphasize regarding personality traits?

Each person's uniqueness and individual expression of traits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What traits are often considered when discussing personality? (Select all that apply)

Openness to Experience (A), Neuroticism (B), Extraversion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of factor analysis in personality psychology?

To bring order to the diversity of personality descriptive words by identifying underlying traits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of factor analysis in personality psychology?

To reduce a large set of personality descriptors to a smaller set of underlying traits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Raymond Cattell to trait psychology?

The introduction of the 16 Personality Factor inventory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Hans Eysenck, what are the two key dimensions of personality?

Extraversion and neuroticism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What personality traits are associated with extraversion combined with high neuroticism according to Eysenck?

Excitable and Aggressive (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the third dimension in Eysenck's personality theory that involves a tendency toward psychological detachment from others?

Psychoticism (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Jerry Wiggins, what are the two core dimensions underlying human relations in the interpersonal circle?

Dominance and Love (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Wiggins and Eysenck, how do diverse personalities arise?

From combinations of values on two core dimensions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the five trait dimensions in the Five-Factor Model?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major personality factors according to the Five Factor Model?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are names associated with the 'Big Five' personality factors as listed in Table 4.2?

Fiske (A), Costa and McCrae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is commonly referred to as emotional stability?

Neuroticism (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is characterized by a tendency to be outgoing and sociable?

Extraversion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social interaction does extraversion primarily predict?

Being prominent in social groups like fraternities and sororities (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about agreeableness is true?

Agreeableness is linked to better job performance. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the differences between extraversion and agreeableness in relation to interpersonal interactions?

Extraverts are better at interacting with strangers than introverts. (B), Introverts are more cooperative than extraverts in social dilemmas. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one health benefit associated with high levels of conscientiousness?

Longer life expectancy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Openness to Experience is true?

Openness is associated with greater sexual satisfaction in marriage. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some consequences of high levels of neuroticism according to the studies mentioned?

Impaired academic performance (B), Earlier death (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the five-factor model compare to Eysenck's model in terms of traits?

The five-factor model and Eysenck’s model share the traits of extraversion and emotional stability. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the interpersonal circle, how are love and dominance related to the five-factor model?

Love is equivalent to agreeableness, and dominance is equivalent to extraversion. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the five-factor model of personality propose about personality traits?

They represent universal aspects of personality. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is a component of Tellegen's model, as discussed in relation to the five-factor model?

Positive emotionality (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Zuckerman's alternative five-factor model, which factor resembles extraversion primarily in a social context?

Sociability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the additional supertrait proposed by Ashton and his colleagues in the HEXACO framework?

Honesty-Humility (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two higher-order factors identified by Digman in the five-factor model?

Stability and Plasticity (A), Socialization and Personal Growth (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern regarding the use of superordinate traits in personality models?

They may lose nuances of lower-level traits when combined. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade-off mentioned regarding the use of supertraits and narrower traits in predicting behaviors?

Using supertraits is easier to understand but narrower traits can improve prediction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between situationism and interactionism in the context of personality traits?

Situationism emphasizes the influence of situational factors, while interactionism suggests a combination of both traits and situations. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Is behavior actually traitlike according to trait psychology?

Yes, behavior shows consistent traits. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Do people’s personalities remain stable over long periods of time according to research?

Yes, but there is also evidence of change. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Roberts et al. (2006), when do the largest changes in personality traits typically occur?

In young adulthood (ages 20 to 40) (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Roberts et al. (2006), what are the two subcomponents that extraversion can be divided into?

Social vitality and social dominance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation of 0.30 between trait self-reports and actual behavior suggest about the predictive power of traits?

Traits account for about 9% of the variation in behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of situationism in the context of personality psychology?

Situational forces outweigh personality traits in determining behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does interactionism suggest about the influence of traits and situations on behavior?

Traits and situations interact to influence behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the interactionism theory suggest about the relationship between individuals and their environment?

Both situational factors and individual traits interact to influence behaviors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality expression, which of the following describes weak and strong situations?

Weak situations allow the expression of personality, whereas strong situations constrain it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the interactionism model, what factor influences people's choices of social environments?

Their personalities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that individuals influence each other's behavior in social situations?

By using charm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What correlation did Mischel (1968) find between personality and behavior?

0.30 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hedge' refer to in the context of discussing personality traits?

A word or phrase that limits a trait's applicability (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Mischel and Shoda (1995), what term is used to describe the unique pattern of situation-behavior links that individuals establish over time?

Behavioral Signature (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Fleeson (2001), what did he find regarding people's behavior in relation to personality traits?

Individuals do things that reflect the entire range of a trait dimension. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the linkage viewpoint discussed in Figure 4.5, how are traits viewed in relation to behavioral states?

Traits are context-dependent, impacting the frequency of specific behavioral states. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models best describes the view held by the five-factor model regarding the influence of traits on behavior as illustrated in Figure 4.6?

A model where situations influence trait levels while maintaining the same ordering (B), An interactionist model that allows for individual differences based on the situation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one argument against the traditional view of traits as underlying causes of behavior?

Traits may not have a common source and are summary statements of action tendencies. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the trait approach to personality assessment?

Assessment and profiling (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do self-report inventories in trait psychology primarily measure?

Individuals' views of themselves through ratings of traits (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the NEO-PI-R provide concerning personality profiles?

Both an overall summary and detailed facet profiles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, how do traits interact with each other in influencing behavior?

The influence of one trait on behavior varies based on other traits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the five-factor model for understanding disorder in relation to psychoticism and neuroticism?

High levels of psychoticism lead to a greater likelihood of antisocial behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the five-factor model of personality and personality disorders?

All personality disorders can be understood through the lens of the five-factor model. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diathesis-stress model primarily concerned with?

The interaction between susceptibility to problems and stressful situations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a central idea of the interactionist approach regarding therapeutic behavior change?

People should seek to avoid situations that trigger their vulnerabilities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are two main criticisms of the trait approach to personality?

It doesn't provide a complete picture of the person. (A), It often relies on circular reasoning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major factors commonly used in personality psychology?

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotionality, Openness (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the five major personality factors commonly identified by psychologists?

Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following facets are associated with the personality factor of Extraversion?

Friendliness (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are facets of the Agreeableness personality factor? (Select all that apply)

Trust (A), Morality (B), Altruism (D), Cooperation (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are facets of Conscientiousness? (Select all that apply)

Self-efficacy (A), Orderliness (C), Achievement-striving (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are facets of the neuroticism factor? (Select all that apply)

Anxiety (A), Vulnerability (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following facets are associated with the personality factor of Openness? (Select all that apply)

Imagination (A), Emotionality (B), Liberalism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that personality traits and situations interact to influence behavior?

Interactionism (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to trait psychologists, what does a personality profile represent?

A description of a person's uniqueness based on trait dimensions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the trait model of personality?

It is descriptive rather than explanatory. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cattell’s approach to understanding personality can best be described as:

empirical. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Conscientiousness does not reflect which of the following?

Peacekeeping (D) Signup and view all the answers

Traits are quantitative rather than qualitative.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the big five factors of personality?

Honesty (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a factor analysis:

Traits are quantitative rather than qualitative, with people sitting along a continuum of behaviour. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Big Five Personality Factors

Five major dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Trait Approach

A personality theory that focuses on identifying and measuring personality traits.

Factor Analysis

A statistical method used to identify underlying traits from a large set of personality descriptors.