Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating force as described in the content?
What is the formula for calculating force as described in the content?
- Force = Energy / Distance
- Force = Speed / Energy
- Force = Power / Speed
- Force = Mass x Acceleration (correct)
How does tractive effort (TE) behave in the speed range of 0 to 20 mph?
How does tractive effort (TE) behave in the speed range of 0 to 20 mph?
- TE increases at an accelerating rate
- TE is variable and unpredictable
- TE decreases monotonically with speed
- TE is constant (correct)
What is the relationship between power, force, and speed?
What is the relationship between power, force, and speed?
- Power = Force + Speed
- Power = Force x (Distance / Time) (correct)
- Power = Force / Speed
- Power = Speed / Force
What is the maximum tractive effort (TE) value described in the example?
What is the maximum tractive effort (TE) value described in the example?
How is energy consumed in moving an object defined?
How is energy consumed in moving an object defined?
What happens to acceleration as speed increases beyond 20 mph according to the content?
What happens to acceleration as speed increases beyond 20 mph according to the content?
How do you convert speed from mph to m/s as demonstrated in the example?
How do you convert speed from mph to m/s as demonstrated in the example?
What is the calculated power at a speed of 20 mph with a maximum TE of 100 kN?
What is the calculated power at a speed of 20 mph with a maximum TE of 100 kN?
What is the Maximum Power at Rail primarily focused on?
What is the Maximum Power at Rail primarily focused on?
What characterizes Continuous Tractive Effort?
What characterizes Continuous Tractive Effort?
What is the purpose of 'back emf' in a DC motor?
What is the purpose of 'back emf' in a DC motor?
How is Starting Tractive Effort defined?
How is Starting Tractive Effort defined?
What limits the Short Term Tractive Effort?
What limits the Short Term Tractive Effort?
Which factors can influence Continuous Power rating?
Which factors can influence Continuous Power rating?
Why does the total power drawn from the supply exceed 910kW?
Why does the total power drawn from the supply exceed 910kW?
How long can Short Term Tractive Effort typically be sustained?
How long can Short Term Tractive Effort typically be sustained?
What happens to the maximum power curve at speeds over 70 mph?
What happens to the maximum power curve at speeds over 70 mph?
Which component is NOT a part of the calculation for Tractive Effort?
Which component is NOT a part of the calculation for Tractive Effort?
What happens to the torque when the motor speeds up and the internally generated voltage rises?
What happens to the torque when the motor speeds up and the internally generated voltage rises?
What is the Balancing Condition in relation to train acceleration?
What is the Balancing Condition in relation to train acceleration?
What does the specific resistance 'R' during a run depend on?
What does the specific resistance 'R' during a run depend on?
In the train resistance formula, what does the term 'cv^2' represent?
In the train resistance formula, what does the term 'cv^2' represent?
How is the tractive effort (TE) required to start a train calculated?
How is the tractive effort (TE) required to start a train calculated?
What does the variable 'a' represent in the train resistance formula?
What does the variable 'a' represent in the train resistance formula?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to train resistance during a run?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to train resistance during a run?
Which of these states accounts for resistance to start a train on straight level track?
Which of these states accounts for resistance to start a train on straight level track?
If the drag of the train increases with speed, what effect does this have on the effective torque?
If the drag of the train increases with speed, what effect does this have on the effective torque?
What does 'TE' stand for in the context of train operation?
What does 'TE' stand for in the context of train operation?
What happens to the balancing speed of a train on an up-gradient compared to level ground?
What happens to the balancing speed of a train on an up-gradient compared to level ground?
How is the tractive effort required to overcome curve-resistance determined?
How is the tractive effort required to overcome curve-resistance determined?
What is the effect of increasing gear ratio on a locomotive's performance?
What is the effect of increasing gear ratio on a locomotive's performance?
What change occurs in tractive effort as wheel diameter decreases?
What change occurs in tractive effort as wheel diameter decreases?
How does field shunting affect a DC motor's operation?
How does field shunting affect a DC motor's operation?
What is the formula for calculating the running resistance of a train at a given speed 'V' for a BOXN load?
What is the formula for calculating the running resistance of a train at a given speed 'V' for a BOXN load?
How does the gravitational force acting on a 150 tonne train calculate?
How does the gravitational force acting on a 150 tonne train calculate?
What is the resistance due to gravity for a train on a gradient of 1 in 200?
What is the resistance due to gravity for a train on a gradient of 1 in 200?
For a given gradient 'G', how is Specific Grade Resistance expressed?
For a given gradient 'G', how is Specific Grade Resistance expressed?
What components remain unchanged when calculating running resistance of a train as it runs?
What components remain unchanged when calculating running resistance of a train as it runs?
What is the effective voltage governed by in relation to train drag and resistance?
What is the effective voltage governed by in relation to train drag and resistance?
What happens when the train starts to climb a grade and the speed reduces?
What happens when the train starts to climb a grade and the speed reduces?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between Tractive Effort (TE) and overall train resistance?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between Tractive Effort (TE) and overall train resistance?
What modifies the effective voltage available to the motor during train operation?
What modifies the effective voltage available to the motor during train operation?
What is the starting resistance of a loco expressed in kg/ton?
What is the starting resistance of a loco expressed in kg/ton?
What happens to the tractive effort as speed increases beyond the 20 mph mark?
What happens to the tractive effort as speed increases beyond the 20 mph mark?
How is power calculated when given a force and speed?
How is power calculated when given a force and speed?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between mass, acceleration, and tractive effort?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between mass, acceleration, and tractive effort?
At what point does maximum tractive effort occur based on the content?
At what point does maximum tractive effort occur based on the content?
How is energy defined in the context of moving an object?
How is energy defined in the context of moving an object?
What unit is used to express the maximum tractive effort in the example provided?
What unit is used to express the maximum tractive effort in the example provided?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship of speed and power at the rail?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship of speed and power at the rail?
What happens to acceleration when tractive effort decreases with increasing speed?
What happens to acceleration when tractive effort decreases with increasing speed?
How does a reduction in gear ratio affect the locomotive's operational characteristics?
How does a reduction in gear ratio affect the locomotive's operational characteristics?
What is the impact of wheel diameter reduction on tractive effort at different speeds?
What is the impact of wheel diameter reduction on tractive effort at different speeds?
Which statement accurately describes the effect of field shunting on a DC motor's operation?
Which statement accurately describes the effect of field shunting on a DC motor's operation?
What occurs to the torque as the motor accelerates and the internally generated voltage increases?
What occurs to the torque as the motor accelerates and the internally generated voltage increases?
Which statement best defines the balancing condition for a train?
Which statement best defines the balancing condition for a train?
What is the significance of curvature resistance calculated using the formula TC = 0.4 X S X W?
What is the significance of curvature resistance calculated using the formula TC = 0.4 X S X W?
How does one define Continuous Tractive Effort in relation to train operation?
How does one define Continuous Tractive Effort in relation to train operation?
In the formula for train resistance, what does the variable 'b' specifically represent?
In the formula for train resistance, what does the variable 'b' specifically represent?
What specifically does a gearbox do in relation to the traction motors and train axles?
What specifically does a gearbox do in relation to the traction motors and train axles?
What primarily affects the Continuous Power rating of equipment?
What primarily affects the Continuous Power rating of equipment?
What is the principal component expressed by 'a' in the train resistance formula?
What is the principal component expressed by 'a' in the train resistance formula?
How is the effective voltage available to the motor primarily determined?
How is the effective voltage available to the motor primarily determined?
What limits the Short Term Tractive Effort when attempting to climb a grade?
What limits the Short Term Tractive Effort when attempting to climb a grade?
Which of the following statements best describes Maximum Power at Rail?
Which of the following statements best describes Maximum Power at Rail?
Which scenario best describes the impact of increasing the motor notches?
Which scenario best describes the impact of increasing the motor notches?
What does the term 'cv^2' in the train resistance formula indicate?
What does the term 'cv^2' in the train resistance formula indicate?
What is the relationship between starting tractive effort and the locomotive's weight?
What is the relationship between starting tractive effort and the locomotive's weight?
Which statement accurately describes the existence of train resistance?
Which statement accurately describes the existence of train resistance?
What happens to the power curve of the equipment at speeds exceeding 70 mph?
What happens to the power curve of the equipment at speeds exceeding 70 mph?
What does 'back emf' in a DC motor primarily counteract during operation?
What does 'back emf' in a DC motor primarily counteract during operation?
What is the influence of gradient on train resistance according to the context?
What is the influence of gradient on train resistance according to the context?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the tractive effort required to start a train?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the tractive effort required to start a train?
Which parameter is NOT included when computing Tractive Effort?
Which parameter is NOT included when computing Tractive Effort?
What is primarily considered when estimating Continuous Power in traction systems?
What is primarily considered when estimating Continuous Power in traction systems?
What effect does the increase in speed generally have on tractive effort needed?
What effect does the increase in speed generally have on tractive effort needed?
What is the formula used to calculate the running resistance of a train at speed 'V' for a locomotive?
What is the formula used to calculate the running resistance of a train at speed 'V' for a locomotive?
How is the tractive effort (TE) required to overcome a gradient of '1 in G' calculated for a train of weight 'W'?
How is the tractive effort (TE) required to overcome a gradient of '1 in G' calculated for a train of weight 'W'?
What is the approximate gravitational force acting on a 150 tonne train?
What is the approximate gravitational force acting on a 150 tonne train?
If a train climbs a 1 in 200 gradient, what is the resistance due to gravity?
If a train climbs a 1 in 200 gradient, what is the resistance due to gravity?
For a loco, how is the second term of the running resistance formula influenced during operation?
For a loco, how is the second term of the running resistance formula influenced during operation?
What component remains unchanged when calculating the running resistance of a train at a constant speed?
What component remains unchanged when calculating the running resistance of a train at a constant speed?
Which term in calculating running resistance describes the contribution of speed squared?
Which term in calculating running resistance describes the contribution of speed squared?
When speed reduces due to a train climbing a grade, what effect does this have on the back voltage?
When speed reduces due to a train climbing a grade, what effect does this have on the back voltage?
What is the term used to describe the resistance experienced by a train moving on a gradient of '1 in 1'?
What is the term used to describe the resistance experienced by a train moving on a gradient of '1 in 1'?
Flashcards
Tractive Effort (TE)
Tractive Effort (TE)
The force applied to the rails by a train's wheels to move it.
Force
Force
The application of a push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate.
Energy
Energy
The amount of work done to move an object over a distance.
Power
Power
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Maximum Tractive Effort
Maximum Tractive Effort
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Power Calculation
Power Calculation
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Relationship between Speed and Tractive Effort
Relationship between Speed and Tractive Effort
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Power Calculation (Example)
Power Calculation (Example)
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Maximum Power at Rail
Maximum Power at Rail
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Continuous Power Rating
Continuous Power Rating
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Starting Tractive Effort
Starting Tractive Effort
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Continuous Tractive Effort
Continuous Tractive Effort
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Short Term Tractive Effort
Short Term Tractive Effort
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Back EMF
Back EMF
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Auxiliary Loads
Auxiliary Loads
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Adhesion
Adhesion
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Power-Speed Curve
Power-Speed Curve
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Balancing Condition
Balancing Condition
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Balancing Speed
Balancing Speed
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Train Resistance
Train Resistance
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Specific Resistance
Specific Resistance
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Starting Resistance
Starting Resistance
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TE for Starting a Train
TE for Starting a Train
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Notches
Notches
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Jerk of Acceleration
Jerk of Acceleration
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TE-Speed Curve
TE-Speed Curve
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Train Resistance-Speed Curve
Train Resistance-Speed Curve
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Curve Resistance
Curve Resistance
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Running Resistance
Running Resistance
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Axle-Load
Axle-Load
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Specific Grade Resistance
Specific Grade Resistance
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Back Voltage
Back Voltage
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Effective Voltage
Effective Voltage
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Degree of Curvature
Degree of Curvature
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Radius of Curvature
Radius of Curvature
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Gear Ratio (in Locomotives)
Gear Ratio (in Locomotives)
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Field Shunting
Field Shunting
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Specific Curve Resistance
Specific Curve Resistance
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Effect of Gear Ratio on Tractive Effort
Effect of Gear Ratio on Tractive Effort
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Effect of Wheel Diameter on Tractive Effort
Effect of Wheel Diameter on Tractive Effort
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What is the difference between starting and running resistance?
What is the difference between starting and running resistance?
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How does gradient affect train resistance?
How does gradient affect train resistance?
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What is the relationship between TE and train resistance?
What is the relationship between TE and train resistance?
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Why does speed decrease when a train climbs a grade?
Why does speed decrease when a train climbs a grade?
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Study Notes
Tractive Effort and Train Resistance
- Force and Acceleration: Applying force to a mass causes acceleration, following Newton's laws of motion. Force equals mass times acceleration.
- Tractive Effort (TE): The force applied to the train's wheels to cause movement. It's determined by the power equipment and driver control.
- Energy: Energy used to move an object over a distance is the product of force and distance.
- Power: Power is the rate of energy usage or energy per unit time. Power equals force times speed or energy divided by time.
- Power and Speed: Tractive effort varies with speed. At speeds below 20mph, TE is constant, leading to constant acceleration. Above that speed, TE reduces, resulting in decreasing acceleration and a curved speed-time relationship. This is limited by the maximum adhesion between wheels and rails. Maximum Tractive Effort is the maximum TE that can be applied.
- Maximum Power at Rail: Maximum power at the rail corresponds to the maximum TE (100 kN in example) multiplied by speed = 100kN x (20mph/2.2ms⁻¹)=910 kW
- Train Resistance: Resistance encountered by the train, increasing with speed. It's calculated as a + bv + cv². Factors include static friction, mechanical factors and air resistance.
- Types of Tractive Effort: -Starting Tractive Effort: Force needed to start a stationary train without wheel slip. -Continuous Tractive Effort: Force needed to keep a train moving continuously without wheel slip. -Short Term Tractive Effort: Force needed for short durations, such as climbing a grade (up to 120% of continuous TE).
- Effect of Gradient: Gradients affect train resistance; the greater the incline (gradient), the higher the resistance. Resistance (TG= W/G) where W is train weight and G is the gradient.
- Effect of Curve: Curves induce resistance (given by Tc=0.4 * S * W)
- Gear Ratio: Gear ratio affects the minimum and maximum speeds at which the train operates safely.
- Wheel Diameter: Smaller wheel diameters have higher starting tractive effort but lower high-speed tractive effort.
- Field Shunt: The current through the field coils of a DC motor is reduced by increasing the resistance, allowing the train to speed up, however, the power decreases.
Additional Points
- Speed vs. Time curves illustrate how speed changes over time based on acceleration or deceleration.
- Power vs. Speed graphs display the relationship between power output and train speed.
- Balancing conditions are the point where tractive effort equals train resistance, allowing for a constant speed.
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