Traction and Skeletal System Quiz
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What is the primary purpose of using traction in the treatment of fractures?

  • To allow the patient to move freely in bed, without restrictions.
  • To promote mobility and flexibility of the affected limb.
  • To reduce and immobilize fractures, relieve muscle spasms, and correct deformities. (correct)
  • To increase muscle spasms and pain.

Which type of traction involves the insertion of pins, wires, or tongs directly into the bone?

  • Bryant traction
  • Skeletal traction (correct)
  • Buck’s traction
  • Skin traction

In Buck's traction, what is the primary method used to achieve counter-traction?

  • Raising both legs at a 90-degree angle.
  • Applying a bandage to the limb above the fracture site.
  • Shock blocks placed at the foot of the bed. (correct)
  • Using weights suspended vertically.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Bryant traction?

<p>Both legs are raised at a 90-degree angle with buttocks slightly off the mattress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about Russell traction?

<p>It utilizes both vertical and horizontal weights for traction, and its use allows more movement with the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton includes all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of false ribs are there in the human body?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

<p>Forming new bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tissue is primarily responsible for providing strength and protection to the bone?

<p>Compact bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

<p>To dissolve and remove bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are part of the upper extremity?

<p>Clavicle, scapula, humerus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cell is responsible for the maintenance of bone?

<p>Osteocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily composed of spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone and is cube-shaped?

<p>Short bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts during the bone remodeling phase of fracture healing?

<p>To resorb excess bone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a closed fracture?

<p>A fracture without skin breakage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fracture that occurs due to a twisting force around the shaft of the bone is classified as what type of fracture?

<p>Spiral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical clinical manifestation of a fracture?

<p>Crepitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the reduction phase in fracture management?

<p>To bring bone fragments into proper alignment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices is typically used for stabilizing a fracture after a closed reduction?

<p>A cast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a splint in the management of fractures?

<p>To immobilize and support an injured body part. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial phase of bone healing that immediately follows a fracture?

<p>Hematoma formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fracture in which a bone is broken into several splintered fragments would best be described as a:

<p>Comminuted fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is commonly seen in children due to their soft, yielding bones?

<p>Greenstick fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of injury commonly leads to spiral fractures?

<p>Twisting forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of securing and supporting broken bone fragments to ensure proper alignment and immobilization during the healing process known as?

<p>Stabilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an internal fixation device used in fracture stabilization?

<p>Metal plates and screws (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rehabilitation phase in the management of fractures?

<p>To help the patient regain their optimal level of functioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of elevating the foot of the bed in traction?

<p>To provide counter-traction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of traction is typically used for soft tissue damage or degenerative disease of the cervical spine?

<p>Head halter traction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of osteomyelitis?

<p>Sudden onset of severe pain and tenderness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypovolemic shock in patients with fractures?

<p>Massive bleeding associated with the fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between nonunion and malunion?

<p>Nonunion is a failure to unite, while malunion is a failure to unite in normal alignment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of a fat embolism?

<p>Change in mental status, respiratory distress, and petechiae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for venous thrombosis after a fracture?

<p>Immobility, traction, and casts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome?

<p>Restriction of blood flow due to increased pressure within a muscle compartment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark sign of compartment syndrome?

<p>Pain that intensifies with passive range of motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary management for compartment syndrome to prevent nerve and muscle damage?

<p>Elevation at the heart level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bivalving a cast?

<p>To relieve pressure due to swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fiberglass casts differ from plaster of Paris casts in terms of water resistance?

<p>Fiberglass casts are waterproof, while plaster casts absorb water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a newly casted body part be carried?

<p>By using the palms of the hands or flat surface of the fingers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using compression stockings after a fracture?

<p>To promote venous return and reduce the risk of venous thrombosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test results would you expect to see if a patient has osteomyelitis?

<p>Elevated white blood cell count and elevated ESR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for not removing weights in a traction setup?

<p>Weights help in maintaining proper alignment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions can help prevent constipation in patients on bed rest?

<p>Providing privacy for toileting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to prevent pin site infection during traction care?

<p>Daily wound care procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct technique for using crutches effectively?

<p>Have a distance of 2 to 3 fingerbreadths from the armpits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is vital to prevent pneumonia in patients with limited mobility?

<p>Teach deep breathing exercises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of elevating the body part with pillow support when a cast is applied?

<p>To prevent pressure sores and edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if 'hot spots' or a musty odor are observed on a cast?

<p>Consider them signs of infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a cast may be too tight based on neurovascular checks?

<p>Skin pallor or cyanosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of windowing a cast?

<p>To facilitate observation and assess pulse under the cast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can occur from prolonged immobilization in a cast?

<p>Disuse syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when drying a plaster cast?

<p>Covering the cast with a towel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bivalving a cast assist in patient care?

<p>It allows for wound care and reduces tightness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to prevent ineffective traction during treatment?

<p>Position the patient in the center of the bed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

The framework of the body, assists in body movement, protects vital organs, produces red blood cells, and stores minerals.

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

The axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and includes the bones of the limbs.

What is compact bone?

The hard, outer layer of bones, providing strength and protection.

What is spongy bone?

The softer, inner layer of bones, reducing density and allowing for compression.

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What are osteoblasts?

Bone-forming cells that create both the organic and inorganic components of bone tissue.

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What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

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What are osteoclasts?

Large bone cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue by releasing enzymes and acids.

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What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, contributing to bone formation.

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Traction

A method of pulling on a limb to reduce or immobilize fractures, relieve muscle spasm, relieve pain, and prevent or correct deformities.

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Skin Traction

Type of traction where a bandage is applied to the limb below the fracture site, and the pull is exerted on the limb.

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Skeletal Traction

Type of traction where pins, wires, or tongs are inserted directly into the bone, and the pull is exerted directly on the bone.

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Buck's Traction

Type of traction that exerts a straight pull on the affected extremity, using weights attached to the foot of the bed. It temporarily immobilizes the leg in patients with a fractured hip.

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Bryant's Traction

Type of traction where both legs are raised at a 90-degree angle to the bed, with buttocks slightly off the mattress. Used for fractures of the femur and hip dislocations.

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Bone Healing

The process of bone repair, restoring a broken bone's continuity.

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Hematoma

A blood clot that forms at the fracture site, initiating the healing process.

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Inflammation (Bone Healing)

Inflammation characterized by the influx of inflammatory cells, releasing growth factors to attract repair cells.

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Soft Callus

A soft, cartilaginous tissue formed by fibroblasts and chondrocytes, bridging the gap between broken bone ends.

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Hard Callus

Hardened tissue made of bone, replacing the soft callus, and providing strength and rigidity.

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Remodeling (Bone Healing)

The final phase of bone healing, where excess bone is removed and new bone is laid down, restoring original shape and strength.

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Fracture

A discontinuity in the bone, a break or interruption in its continuity.

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Direct Force (Fracture)

Force directly applied to the bone, causing a fracture at the impact site.

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Indirect Force (Fracture)

Force applied to a part of the bone, causing a fracture at a distant site.

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Powerful Muscle Contractions (Fracture)

Fractures occurring due to powerful muscle contractions, often resulting in muscle detachment from bone.

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Pathologic Decay (Fracture)

Fractures caused by weakened bones, often due to diseases like osteoporosis, making the bone susceptible to breakage under minimal force.

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Repetitive Forces (Fracture)

Fractures caused by repetitive stress, typically seen in athletes or individuals engaging in repetitive movements.

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Closed Fracture (Simple Fracture)

A fracture without skin breakage, the bone remains enclosed within the skin.

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Open Fracture (Compound Fracture)

A fracture involving a break in the skin, exposing the fracture site.

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Reduction (Fracture)

Putting the broken bone fragments back into proper alignment, restoring the bone's original position.

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How to prevent edema under a cast?

Elevate the body part with pillow support to prevent edema and minimize swelling.

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What should you do to a fresh cast?

Dry the cast thoroughly with a hair dryer or air to prevent mold growth and skin irritation.

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What signs to look for in a cast?

Observe for redness, warmth, pain, swelling, or drainage from the cast, which may indicate infection.

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What to do when the cast edges are rough?

Apply adhesive tapes to smooth the rough edges of the cast to prevent skin irritation.

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What are signs that a cast is too tight?

Pale skin, cold skin, numbness, tingling, difficulty moving, and absent pulse in the affected area.

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What is windowing?

A procedure to create a window in the cast to allow for observation and assessment of the underlying area.

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What is cast syndrome?

A condition that occurs when a cast is too tight and compresses the intestines, causing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

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What is bivalving?

A procedure to partially or completely split the cast to allow for wound care, x-rays, or to relieve pressure.

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Weight Placement in Traction

Weights used in traction must be kept off the bed or floor to ensure proper tension and effectiveness.

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Neurovascular Assessment in Traction

Regularly assessing the neurovascular status of the limb in traction using the 6 P's (Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, and Poikilothermia) is crucial to detect potential complications.

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Pin Site Infection

Maintaining proper hygiene and skin care at the pin insertion site in skeletal traction is essential to prevent infection.

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Mobility and ROM Exercises

Encouraging range of motion (ROM) exercises and promoting mobility with assistive devices helps prevent muscle weakness, contractures, and other complications associated with prolonged immobility in traction.

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What is Osteomyelitis?

A bacterial infection of the bone, which can occur through open wounds, bloodstream or extension from nearby infected structures.

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What is a Fat Embolism?

A rare complication of fractures, particularly those involving bones rich in marrow. Fat globules are released into the bloodstream, potentially blocking blood vessels and leading to respiratory distress.

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What is Nonunion?

A condition where the ends of a fractured bone fail to unite properly, resulting in a disruption of the healing process.

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What kind of traction is used for neck pain?

A type of traction where weights are suspended over the head of the bed, acting like a counter-force to the weight of the head. It is used to address neck pain and reduce muscle tension.

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What is Compartment Syndrome?

A severe condition involving the restriction of blood flow to a muscle compartment, often caused by trauma or tight dressings. This can lead to nerve damage and tissue death.

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What is pelvic Traction?

A type of traction applied to the pelvis, aiming to reduce pain, improve alignment, and promote healing after injuries.

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How does Crutchfield Tong work?

A type of skeletal traction where a device called the Crutchfield tong is used to stabilize the skull. It is commonly employed for cervical spine injuries.

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What is Malunion?

A condition where a fractured bone fails to heal properly, leading to a misalignment of the bone fragments.

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What is Hypovolemic Shock?

A life-threatening condition that occurs due to significant blood loss, often in cases like pelvic fractures or open femoral fractures. It can cause a drop in blood pressure and circulatory problems.

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What is Venous Thrombosis?

A condition caused by the formation of a blood clot in the veins of the pelvis or lower extremities, frequently occurring after fractures. Immobility and casts can contribute to its development.

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How is Compartment Syndrome managed?

The most critical management step for Compartment Syndrome involves elev­ating the affected limb above the heart level. This helps to reduce swelling and improve blood flow to the area.

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What are Casts?

A type of immobilizing support used for a fractured bone. It can be made of fiberglass or plaster, chosen based on needs and situation.

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What is Balanced Skeletal Traction?

A type of traction that involves weights and a device to apply pulling force to the patient's limb, which can help reduce pain, stabilize a fracture, and improve alignment.

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How do you handle a newly-casted limb?

When managing a patient with a new cast, it's crucial to support the newly-casted limb with the palms of your hands or a flat surface.

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Study Notes

NCM 116 Week 1: Care of Clients with Alterations in Coordination

  • This week's focus is on the care of clients with coordination alterations.
  • The curriculum reviews anatomy and physiology, specifically the skeletal system.

Anatomy and Physiology Review: Skeletal System

  • Functions: The skeletal system provides a framework for the body, aids in movement, protects vital organs, produces red blood cells, and stores minerals.
  • Divisions: The skeletal system has two main divisions:
    • Axial skeleton: Composed of 80 bones, including the skull (cranial and facial bones), vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx), ribs, and sternum.
    • Appendicular skeleton: Composed of 126 bones, including the bones of the upper extremities (clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) and the bones of the lower extremities (pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).
  • Cranial Bones: There are 8 cranial bones: frontal, parietal(2), temporal(2), sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital, each with a specific structure and function.
  • Facial Bones: There are 14 facial bones: nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2), maxillary (2), mandible, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae.
  • Vertebrae: The vertebral column consists of cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (4 fused) vertebrae.
  • Ribs: The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs).
  • Upper Extremity Bones: Key bones include the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
  • Lower Extremity Bones: Key bones include the pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Bone Tissues

  • Compact Bone: The hard, outer layer of all bones, providing strength and protection.
  • Spongy Bone: The inner layer of all bones, softer than compact bone, reducing density and allowing for compression.

Bone Cells

  • Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete the organic and inorganic components of bone tissue.
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells and the primary cells that maintain bone tissue.
  • Osteoclasts: Large bone cells responsible for resorbing bone tissue, playing a crucial role in bone remodeling.
  • Osteoprogenitor Cells: Cells that have the ability to produce osteoblasts and are essential in bone repair.

Classification of Bones

  • Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; found in limbs, except for patella, wrist, and ankle bones.
  • Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, and curved; include most skull bones, ribs, and sternum.
  • Short Bones: Cube-shaped; mainly spongy bone with outer compact bone; include wrist, patella, and ankle bones.
  • Irregular Bones: Bones that don't fit the other categories; include vertebrae, pelvis, facial bones, and hyoid bone.

Bone Healing

  • Hematoma Formation: Rupture of blood vessels leads to bleeding and clot formation.
  • Inflammation: Inflammatory cells migrate to the injury site.
  • Soft Callus Formation: Fibroblasts and chondrocytes form a soft callus.
  • Hard Callus Formation: Osteoblasts replace the soft callus with hard callus.
  • Remodeling: Osteoclasts resorb excess bone, while osteoblasts deposit new bone to restore original shape and strength.

Alterations in Coordination: Injuries and Joint Disorders

  • Injuries: Fractures, sports injuries.
  • Joint Disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis.

Care of Clients with Fracture

  • Causes of fractures: direct force, indirect force, powerful muscle contractions, pathologic decay, and repetitive forces.
  • Types of fractures: closed (simple) and open (compound), incomplete and complete, and specific patterns like transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, depressed, compression, greenstick, fatigue/stress, segmental, and longitudinal/fissure.
  • Clinical manifestations: pain/tenderness (especially aggravated by movement), edema (swelling), deformity, crepitus, ecchymosis (bruising), shortening of the limb, loss of function.
  • X-ray- confirmatory test.
  • Treatment: immediate immobilization, reduction (closed/open), stabilization (internal/external fixation, casts, splints, braces, traction).
  • Phases of fracture management: recognition, reduction, retention, rehabilitation.
  • Complications: osteomyelitis, hypovolemic shock, nonunion, malunion, fat embolism, venous thrombosis, and compartment syndrome. The management of these complications is specific.

Care of Clients with Casts

  • Types of casts: fiberglass and plaster of Paris.
  • Care and considerations regarding casts to prevent issues such as pressure sores, infections, and potential nerve damage.
  • Important procedures like neurovascular checks(5 P's or 6 P's) and bivalving.

Care of Clients with Traction

  • Types of traction include skin and skeletal traction, including examples like Buck’s, Bryant’s, Russell’s, etc.
  • Treatment procedures with regard to traction, including assessments and necessary precautions.
  • Potential complications arising from traction.

Assistive Devices for Walking

  • Types of assistive devices such as canes, walkers, and crutches.
  • Methods for using assistive devices correctly.
  • Precautions associated with the usage of assistive devices

Potential Complications of fractures

  • Specific complications that may arise from each type of fracture. Management varies depending on the specific complication.

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NCM 116 Week 1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of traction in fracture treatment and the functions of the skeletal system. This quiz covers various types of traction, bone cells, and skeletal anatomy, providing insights into how traction aids in healing. Perfect for students studying healthcare or anatomy.

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