20 Questions
What regulates the amount of zinc in enterocytes?
Zinc transport proteins
What happens to zinc under high zinc intake?
It is pumped out of the enterocyte
What regulates the amount of zinc that passes from the enterocyte into the blood?
Metallothionein
What happens to zinc when the mucosal cell dies?
It is lost and sloughed off into the feces
What is the role of metallothionein in zinc regulation?
To bind zinc and regulate its passage into the blood
What prevents zinc from moving into the blood stream under high zinc intake?
Binding to metallothionein
What is the function of zinc transport proteins in enterocytes?
Regulate the amount of zinc in enterocytes
What happens to zinc under low zinc intake?
It is transported into the enterocyte
What is the role of metallothionein when zinc levels are high?
Increased synthesis to bind excess zinc
What happens to zinc within vesicles under high zinc intake?
It is bound to metallothionein
Which mineral plays a crucial role in protecting cells from free radical damage, DNA and RNA synthesis, and immune system function?
Zinc
What can zinc deficiency lead to?
Poor growth and reduced immune function
Which mineral is essential for energy production, connective tissue formation, and iron metabolism?
Copper
What is a symptom of copper deficiency?
Anemia
What is a characteristic feature of Wilson's disease?
Kayser-Fleischer rings in the eyes
Which mineral is essential for amino acid, carbohydrate, and cholesterol metabolism, as well as cartilage formation and antioxidant protection?
Manganese
What can selenium deficiency lead to?
Keshan disease and muscular discomfort
Which mineral is an essential component of selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases?
Selenium
What can selenium toxicity cause?
Nausea, diarrhea, and hair and nail changes
What affects the selenium content of plant foods?
The selenium content of the soil in which they are grown
Study Notes
Essential Trace Minerals: Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium
- In conditions of low zinc intake, more zinc is transported into the enterocyte than transported out, leading to reduced metallothionein production and potential zinc deficiency symptoms.
- Zinc plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including protecting cells from free radical damage, DNA and RNA synthesis, and immune system function.
- Zinc deficiency can lead to symptoms such as poor growth, skin rashes, hair loss, and reduced immune function.
- Zinc toxicity can cause gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, and headaches, and chronic toxicity can result in copper deficiency.
- Copper exists in +1 and +2 oxidation states and is essential for functions such as energy production, connective tissue formation, and iron metabolism.
- Copper deficiency can lead to symptoms such as anemia, bone abnormalities, and hypertriglyceridemia.
- Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that results in copper overload and can cause characteristic Kayser-Fleischer rings in the eyes.
- Manganese is essential for various bodily functions, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and cholesterol metabolism, as well as cartilage formation and antioxidant protection.
- Selenium deficiency can lead to Keshan disease, affecting the heart muscle, and symptoms such as muscular discomfort and weakness.
- Selenium is an essential component of selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases.
- Selenium toxicity can cause symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, hair and nail changes, and fatigue, and in severe cases, it can lead to death.
- The selenium content of plant foods depends on the selenium content of the soil in which they are grown, and soil selenium levels can vary from deficient to very high.
Test your knowledge of essential trace minerals with this quiz on zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium. Learn about their roles in the body, symptoms of deficiency and toxicity, and related disorders.
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