Trace Minerals: Functions, Deficiencies, and Toxicity

0.006%

Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin that carries oxygen, energy generation, and immune system function

18 mg

<p>Fatigue upon exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Component of numerous enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seafood, meat, whole grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of iron metabolism and component of antioxidant enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.8 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, transporting oxygen to tissues and controlling oxygen uptake in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-25 mcg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle pain and weakness, and increased risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver is the body's main site for iron storage, incorporating the trace mineral into the protein ferritin until it is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen or red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart has to work harder to circulate oxygen-poor blood, potentially leading to rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pain, an enlarged heart, and even heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body breaks them down and conserves most of the iron to make hemoglobin for new red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daily losses via the GI tract, urine, and skin, and any form of bleeding, including menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantial blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 56 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because their blood supply expands and new tissues are added to both their body and that of their fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Premature or low-birth-weight infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to their rapid growth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming too much milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because meat provides heme iron and vegetarians may not consume enough nonheme iron from plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining a small amount of meat with plant foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200 to 250 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemochromatosis (HH). Common signs and symptoms include joint pain, fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, loss of sex drive, and abnormal skin color (gray or bronze).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of treating Hemochromatosis is to prevent organ damage and death. Individuals with HH should avoid taking dietary supplements that contain iron and vitamin C, as it enhances iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physician Ananda Prasad discovered zinc deficiency in 1958 while working in Iran. Unleavened whole-wheat bread is high in phytic acid and fiber, which decrease zinc bioavailability, leading to severe zinc deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bioavailability of zinc is influenced by the body's need for the mineral, presence of large amounts of certain other metals, and a healthy body absorbs more zinc when needed. Excess copper or iron in the small intestine interferes with zinc absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kiwano is a good source of protein, iron, and vitamin C. The green pulpy seeds can be scooped out of the rind and eaten as a snack or added to salads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of leavening in bread increases the likelihood of zinc deficiency due to the high phytic acid and fiber content. Consuming zinc-rich sources of animal protein, such as meat and milk, reduces the likelihood of zinc deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ananda Prasad's discovery of zinc deficiency led to the alleviation of severe zinc deficiencies, which caused dwarfism, intellectual disability, iron deficiency anemia, and underdeveloped sexual organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron accumulation in the body can cause joint pain, abnormal bronze skin color, diabetes, and damage to the liver, heart, adrenal glands, and pancreas. Untreated Hemochromatosis can lead to organ damage and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men are more likely to be diagnosed with Hemochromatosis than women, and men tend to develop health problems from the excess iron at a younger age than women. About 5 of every 1000 non-Hispanic white Americans are susceptible to developing the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C enhances iron absorption, and individuals with Hemochromatosis should avoid taking dietary supplements that contain iron and vitamin C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc is necessary for wound healing, and it also supports the sense of taste and smell, DNA synthesis, healthy skin, and proper functioning of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetarian diets may lead to zinc deficiency due to phytic acid in seeds, which can be addressed by soaking and sprouting seeds to increase zinc bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RDAs for zinc are 11 mg/day for men and 8 mg/day for women; population groups at risk of zinc deficiency include vegetarians, older adults, and alcoholics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency include loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, dermatitis, poor wound healing, and mental slowness; in children and adolescents, it can cause growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc may reduce the severity and duration of the common cold, but more research is needed; the UL for zinc is 40 mg/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast milk contains zinc, but it may not be sufficient for infants over 6 months old; breastfed infants between 6-12 months old need to consume zinc-containing foods, such as zinc-fortified infant cereal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc is necessary for DNA synthesis, and it supports immune system function by enabling the proper functioning of immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red meat and poultry products supply most of the zinc in the typical American diet, but other sources include oysters, beans, and nuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc deficiency in adult men can cause sexual dysfunction, and zinc toxicity can reduce beneficial HDL cholesterol levels in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc is essential for growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence, and it supports healthy skin by enabling proper wound healing and tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference with copper absorption and depressed immune system function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make several enzymes that act as antioxidants, involved in iron metabolism, immune function, and collagen production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.9 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia, impaired functioning of the immune and nervous systems, abnormal skin pigmentation, and poor growth in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may result in loss of sense of smell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An enlargement of the thyroid gland, caused by iodine deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodide (I−)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine was nearly 100% effective in preventing goiter in healthy children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They filter and eliminate excess iodide from the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of iodized salt and dairy products in their diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit iodine metabolism by the thyroid gland, reducing thyroid hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are likely to be born with cretinism, a condition characterized by permanent brain damage, reduced intellectual functioning, and growth retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.1 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can enter the body and be picked up by the thyroid gland, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer, especially in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they have a greater need for iodine, they are more likely to absorb the radioactive iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone, leading to goiter and other symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting the use of iodized salt or iodine-fortified vegetable oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It destroys goitrogens, reducing their inhibitory effect on iodine metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar to Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to stillbirths or low-birth-weight babies, as well as cretinism in infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehyde oxidase, Mitochondrial amidoxime, Sulfite oxidase, and Xanthine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legumes, grains, and nuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generally low</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block the thyroid gland's uptake of the radioactive form of iodine and reduce the risk of thyroid cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes joint stiffness and bone pain due to the buildup of excess fluoride in bones, leading to skeletal fluorosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selenium functions as a component of selenoproteins, which are antioxidants and necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system and thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuts, whole-grain products, seafood, and meats are generally rich sources of selenium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces thyroid gland activity, depresses immune system function, and may contribute to the development of heart disease and cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a higher risk of certain types of cancer and heart disease due to the low selenium content in locally produced foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoride strengthens teeth and makes them more resistant to decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause permanently stained teeth that do not resist decay as well as healthy teeth, a condition known as dental fluorosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent excessive fluoride consumption and reduce the risk of dental fluorosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair and weight loss, malformed hooves, muscle weakness, and paralysis can occur in horses and cattle that ingest poisonous amounts of selenium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400 mcg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brittle fingernails, loss of hair and nails, garlicky body odor, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.4 to 2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromium plays an important role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meat, whole-grain products, yeast, fruits, and vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manganese is an important component and activator of many enzymes in the body, playing a role in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation, and antioxidant function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and tea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The long-term safety of taking various chromium supplements is unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25 mcg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods high in oxalic acid and phytic acid can inhibit iron absorption. Vegetarians can minimize this effect by consuming vitamin C-rich foods along with plant foods, as vitamin C increases nonheme iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron-fortified cereals can help vegetarians meet their iron needs. However, the form of iron used in fortification is not as well absorbed as heme iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooking acidic foods in cast-iron cookware can transfer iron to the food. However, this may lead to excessive iron intake if lighter cookware is not used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of treatment is to address iron deficiency anemia. In addition to iron supplementation, underlying causes such as intestinal bleeding should be identified and treated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FDA required warning statements to reduce iron poisoning cases in children. After this regulation, only one child died from iron poisoning between 1998 and 2002.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that leads to excess iron absorption, resulting in iron overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming plant-based foods with vitamin C-rich foods enhances nonheme iron absorption. An example is eating spinach with orange segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reading the Nutrition Facts panel helps identify iron-rich foods. Individuals should choose foods with high iron content whenever possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recommended approach is to combine plant-based iron sources with vitamin C-rich foods. An example is adding chopped onions and green peppers to peas or beans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron overload is a condition characterized by excess iron in the body, which can be caused by ingesting toxic amounts of iron supplements or having certain genetic diseases, such as hereditary hemochromatosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thyroid hormone controls the rate of cell metabolism, that is, the rate at which cells obtain energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine was added to table salt in 1924, making iodized salt the major method of preventing iodine deficiencies in developed nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adult RDA for iodine is 150 mcg/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saltwater fish, seafood, seaweed, some plants, and iodized salt are major sources of iodine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess sodium consumption can lead to health problems, such as hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pituitary gland releases a hormone that causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, trying to remove as much iodide as possible from the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many Americans, especially older adults, try to reduce their risk of hypertension by using less salt, which may lead to inadequate iodine intakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Paleolithic' diet led to inadequate iodine levels due to the exclusion of dairy products and other iodine-rich foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine fortification of salt is voluntary in some countries, so not all salt has the trace mineral added to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate iodine intake can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland, also known as goiter.</p> Signup and view all the answers