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Questions and Answers
What characterizes immediate toxic effects?
What characterizes immediate toxic effects?
- They result from a single administration of a toxic agent. (correct)
- They are always reversible regardless of the exposure.
- They are caused by long-term exposure to toxic agents.
- They typically have a latency period of up to 20 years.
Which of the following substances is an example of a delayed toxic effect?
Which of the following substances is an example of a delayed toxic effect?
- Immediate skin irritation from contact.
- Carcinogenic substances that can take years to show effects. (correct)
- Acute poisoning from a chemical spill.
- Respiratory distress from inhalation of fumes.
How is the reversibility of toxic effects determined?
How is the reversibility of toxic effects determined?
- By the amount of the toxic agent administered.
- By the immediate symptoms presented post-exposure.
- By comparing the toxins to environmental pollutants.
- By the ability of a tissue to regenerate. (correct)
What are drugs with a low therapeutic index typically associated with?
What are drugs with a low therapeutic index typically associated with?
What is a characteristic of irreversible toxic effects?
What is a characteristic of irreversible toxic effects?
Which statement is true regarding carcinogenic substances?
Which statement is true regarding carcinogenic substances?
Which category includes substances like heavy metals and solvents?
Which category includes substances like heavy metals and solvents?
Which of the following is an example of a recreational drug?
Which of the following is an example of a recreational drug?
Which type of agent includes substances that lead to air pollution?
Which type of agent includes substances that lead to air pollution?
Which of these agents includes cleaning products and cosmetics?
Which of these agents includes cleaning products and cosmetics?
What classification would mushrooms and snake venom fall under?
What classification would mushrooms and snake venom fall under?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between poison and medicine?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between poison and medicine?
Which of the following is a common source of pollution that falls under environmental agents?
Which of the following is a common source of pollution that falls under environmental agents?
Frequent exposure to diagnostic x-rays is an example of what type of exposure?
Frequent exposure to diagnostic x-rays is an example of what type of exposure?
What kind of substances does the term 'xenobiotic' refer to?
What kind of substances does the term 'xenobiotic' refer to?
What is the primary focus of mechanistic toxicology?
What is the primary focus of mechanistic toxicology?
Which of the following best defines the role of a toxicologist?
Which of the following best defines the role of a toxicologist?
What is referred to as a 'toxicant'?
What is referred to as a 'toxicant'?
Which type of toxicology is defined by its focus on toxicity testing?
Which type of toxicology is defined by its focus on toxicity testing?
Which of the following accurately describes what a toxin is?
Which of the following accurately describes what a toxin is?
What does the term 'adverse drug reactions' signify in toxicology?
What does the term 'adverse drug reactions' signify in toxicology?
Which type of antagonism occurs when the absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered?
Which type of antagonism occurs when the absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered?
What is the defining characteristic of Type A ADRs?
What is the defining characteristic of Type A ADRs?
Which of the following is an example of Type B ADR?
Which of the following is an example of Type B ADR?
Which ADR type is characterized by reactions resulting from chronic usage of a drug?
Which ADR type is characterized by reactions resulting from chronic usage of a drug?
What can lead to adverse drug reactions according to the common causes listed?
What can lead to adverse drug reactions according to the common causes listed?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ADR classification mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ADR classification mentioned?
What is an example of a Type A ADR?
What is an example of a Type A ADR?
What duration of exposure is classified as 'acute'?
What duration of exposure is classified as 'acute'?
What effect does the route of administration have on the toxicity of agents?
What effect does the route of administration have on the toxicity of agents?
Which of the following statements best describes receptor antagonism?
Which of the following statements best describes receptor antagonism?
What distinguishes accidental exposure from suicidal exposure?
What distinguishes accidental exposure from suicidal exposure?
Which of the following is an example of chronic exposure?
Which of the following is an example of chronic exposure?
Which scenario best describes occupational exposure?
Which scenario best describes occupational exposure?
How is subchronic exposure defined?
How is subchronic exposure defined?
What is a characteristic of inhaled chemicals compared to ingested chemicals?
What is a characteristic of inhaled chemicals compared to ingested chemicals?
Which situation is considered an example of criminal/homicidal exposure?
Which situation is considered an example of criminal/homicidal exposure?
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Study Notes
Terminology
- Toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms.
- Xenobiotic: Any substance foreign to the normal physiology of the body.
- Toxic agent: Any substance that can produce an adverse biological response.
- Toxin: Produced by biological systems. (Plants, animals, or bacteria).
- Toxicant: Produced as a by-product of human activities.(Man-made).
Areas of Toxicology
- Mechanistic toxicology: Identifies the mechanisms by which a chemical causes a toxic effect.
- Descriptive toxicology: Concerned with toxicity testing to evaluate risks of exposure to chemicals.
- Clinical toxicology: Concerned with diseases caused by toxic substances.
Classification of Toxic Agents
Source
- Industrial agents: Substances used in the workplace.
- Environmental agents: Substances causing air, water, or soil pollution.
- Household agents: Substances used at home.
- Natural agents: Substances from plants or animal origins.
- Radiation: Exposure to radiation in medical settings or by accident.
Classification of Toxic Effects
Time
- Immediate toxic effect: Occurs after a single administration of a toxic agent.
- Delayed toxic effect: Occurs after a time from exposure to the toxic agent.
Reversibility
- Reversible toxic effect: The ability of a tissue to regenerate determines whether the toxic effect is reversible or irreversible.
- Irreversible toxic effect:
Classification of Toxic Exposure
Route of Exposure
- Ingested chemicals: Can be detoxified in the liver.
- Inhaled chemicals: Enter the blood circulation immediately and bypass liver detoxification.
Duration and Frequency
- Acute exposure: Exposure to a chemical for less than 24 hours.
- Subchronic exposure: Repeated exposure to a chemical for 1-3 months.
- Chronic exposure: Repeated exposure to a chemical for more than 3 months.
Circumstance & Incidence
- Accidental: Unintended and occurs by accident.
- Suicidal: Intentional to cause self-harm.
- Criminal/Homicidal: Intentional to cause harm to another person.
- At home: Exposure to toxic doses of toxins can occur at home.
- Occupational: Occurs at the workplace due to exposure to hazardous chemicals or wastes.
Interaction of Toxic Agents
- Dispositional antagonism: When the absorption, metabolism, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered to reduce the concentration of the toxic agent at the target organ.
- Receptor antagonism: Two chemicals compete for binding on the same receptor. Receptor antagonists are termed blockers.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
- Harmful, unintended reactions to medicines which occur at doses normally used for treatment.
- Can be classified into six types:
- Type A “Augmented”: Results from predictable pharmacological effects of the drug (dose-dependent).
- Type B “Bizarre”: Results from unexpected or unpredicted reactions to the drug (dose-independent).
- Type C “Continuous”: Results from chronic usage of the drug.
- Type D “Delayed”:
- Type E “End of use”:
- Type F “Failure of efficacy”:
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