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Questions and Answers
What significant incident in the 1960s increased awareness about the effects of chemicals on embryos and fetuses?
What significant incident in the 1960s increased awareness about the effects of chemicals on embryos and fetuses?
- Discovery of vitamins
- Radioactivity discovery
- First large-scale bioassays
- Thalidomide incident (correct)
Descriptive toxicology primarily involves regulatory decisions regarding chemical safety.
Descriptive toxicology primarily involves regulatory decisions regarding chemical safety.
False (B)
What are the two disciplines of toxicology that focus on understanding chemical mechanisms and risks?
What are the two disciplines of toxicology that focus on understanding chemical mechanisms and risks?
Mechanistic toxicology and regulatory toxicology.
The discovery of __________ led to the use of the first large-scale bioassays.
The discovery of __________ led to the use of the first large-scale bioassays.
Match the branches of toxicology with their focus area:
Match the branches of toxicology with their focus area:
What is the main focus of toxicology?
What is the main focus of toxicology?
Paracelsus is known for stating that 'All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison.'
Paracelsus is known for stating that 'All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison.'
Who is considered the founder of toxicology?
Who is considered the founder of toxicology?
The study of cellular injury mechanisms falls under the branch of ______.
The study of cellular injury mechanisms falls under the branch of ______.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a historical application of poisons?
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a historical application of poisons?
Match the individuals with their contributions to toxicology:
Match the individuals with their contributions to toxicology:
Toxic agents cause no harm to living organisms when administered in small quantities.
Toxic agents cause no harm to living organisms when administered in small quantities.
What concept did Paracelsus introduce regarding poisons?
What concept did Paracelsus introduce regarding poisons?
Which organization regulates drugs, food, cosmetics, and medical devices in the USA?
Which organization regulates drugs, food, cosmetics, and medical devices in the USA?
Environmental toxicology primarily focuses on the effects of pollutants on human health.
Environmental toxicology primarily focuses on the effects of pollutants on human health.
What is the focus of clinical toxicology?
What is the focus of clinical toxicology?
_________ toxicology deals with the medico-legal aspects of chemical harm postmortem.
_________ toxicology deals with the medico-legal aspects of chemical harm postmortem.
Match the type of toxicology with its primary focus:
Match the type of toxicology with its primary focus:
Which of the following is NOT a classification of toxic agents?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of toxic agents?
Toxic agents can cause adverse effects such as __________ and __________.
Toxic agents can cause adverse effects such as __________ and __________.
Toxicity is defined as the degree to which a substance can cause harm to living organisms.
Toxicity is defined as the degree to which a substance can cause harm to living organisms.
What is an example of acute toxicity?
What is an example of acute toxicity?
Chronic toxicity can be reversible.
Chronic toxicity can be reversible.
Define carcinogenicity.
Define carcinogenicity.
Exposure to _______ can lead to pulmonary fibrosis in coal miners.
Exposure to _______ can lead to pulmonary fibrosis in coal miners.
Match the types of toxicity with their definitions:
Match the types of toxicity with their definitions:
What classification is more informative for toxic agents?
What classification is more informative for toxic agents?
Systemic toxicity refers to toxicity occurring at specific organs.
Systemic toxicity refers to toxicity occurring at specific organs.
What is a common result of subchronic toxicity?
What is a common result of subchronic toxicity?
What type of toxicity results from damage to DNA and altered genetic expression?
What type of toxicity results from damage to DNA and altered genetic expression?
Hypoxia caused by carbon monoxide can lead to anemia.
Hypoxia caused by carbon monoxide can lead to anemia.
Name one agent that causes hepatotoxicity.
Name one agent that causes hepatotoxicity.
Skeletal muscle paralysis can be caused by ______.
Skeletal muscle paralysis can be caused by ______.
Match the following toxins with their effects:
Match the following toxins with their effects:
Which substance is commonly associated with nephrotoxicity?
Which substance is commonly associated with nephrotoxicity?
Acids and strong alkalis only cause mild irritation to the skin.
Acids and strong alkalis only cause mild irritation to the skin.
What is one symptom of eye toxicity caused by methanol?
What is one symptom of eye toxicity caused by methanol?
Flashcards
Toxicology
Toxicology
The study of how harmful substances affect living organisms.
Toxic Agent (Xenobiotic)
Toxic Agent (Xenobiotic)
A substance that can cause harm to living beings even in small amounts.
Paracelsus's principle
Paracelsus's principle
Toxicity depends on the dose; all substances are potential poisons.
Orfila's contribution
Orfila's contribution
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Historical Toxicology
Historical Toxicology
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Toxicant
Toxicant
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Cellular Injury
Cellular Injury
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Toxicokinetics
Toxicokinetics
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Descriptive Toxicology
Descriptive Toxicology
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Mechanistic Toxicology
Mechanistic Toxicology
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Regulatory Toxicology
Regulatory Toxicology
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Bioassays
Bioassays
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Thalidomide Incident
Thalidomide Incident
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Occupational Toxicology
Occupational Toxicology
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Environmental Toxicology
Environmental Toxicology
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Forensic Toxicology
Forensic Toxicology
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Analytical Toxicology
Analytical Toxicology
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Clinical Toxicology
Clinical Toxicology
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Classification of Toxic Agents
Classification of Toxic Agents
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e-Developmental Toxicity
e-Developmental Toxicity
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f-Genetic Toxicity
f-Genetic Toxicity
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What causes hypoxia due to carbon monoxide?
What causes hypoxia due to carbon monoxide?
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
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Nephrotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
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Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
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Cardiovascular system Toxicity
Cardiovascular system Toxicity
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Dermal Toxicity
Dermal Toxicity
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Systemic Toxicity
Systemic Toxicity
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Target Organ Toxicity
Target Organ Toxicity
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Acute Toxicity
Acute Toxicity
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Subchronic Toxicity
Subchronic Toxicity
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Chronic Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
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Carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity
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What are some examples of Acute Toxicity?
What are some examples of Acute Toxicity?
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What are some examples of Chronic Toxicity?
What are some examples of Chronic Toxicity?
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Study Notes
Toxicology Overview
- Toxicology is the study of adverse effects of xenobiotics (toxic agents) on living organisms.
- A toxic agent is any substance that, even in small quantities or low concentrations, can cause severe damage or death to an organism after single or repeated exposure.
- Toxicology aims to protect organisms and biological systems from harmful toxicants and prevent the development of selective toxicants.
Course Topics
- Historical Development of Toxicology
- Branches of Toxicology
- Different types of Toxic Agents
- Different Types of Toxicity
- Mechanism of Cellular Injury
- Factors Influencing Toxicity
Learning Objectives
- Understand the fundamental concepts of toxicology.
- Define different classifications of toxic agents.
- Recognize factors affecting responses to toxic agents.
- Understand principles of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of toxic agents
Historical Development of Toxicology
- Early use of poisonous plants/animals for hunting and warfare (pre-1500 BC).
- Hemlock, opium, and metals were utilized to poison enemies or in executions (e.g., Socrates, Cleopatra).
- Paracelsus (~1500 AD) recognized that all substances are poisons, the dose determining toxicity.
- Orfila (~1800 AD) correlated chemical and biological properties of poisons.
- 20th century advancements: widespread use of anesthetics/disinfectants, DNA/biochemical discoveries, large-scale bioassays, thalidomide incident.
Branches of Toxicology
- Descriptive Toxicology: Toxicity testing in cells/animals to assess risks to humans and the environment.
- Mechanistic Toxicology: Identifying/understanding the mechanisms by which chemicals cause toxicity.
- Regulatory Toxicology: Determining the safe levels of chemicals for use in living systems, setting standards. (Examples, FDA).
- Occupational Toxicology: Protecting workers from toxic substances and making work environments safe.
- Environmental Toxicology: Impact of chemical pollutants on the environment and biological organisms.
- Ecotoxicology: Impact of toxic substances on populations and ecosystems.
- Forensic Toxicology: Determining the medico-legal aspects of chemical poisoning in humans and animals (e.g., establishing cause of death).
- Analytical Toxicology: Identifying toxicants in samples (body fluids, substances, containers)
- Clinical Toxicology: Dealing with diseases caused by toxic substances in patients (e.g., overdoses, poisonings)
Types of Toxic Agents
- Toxicants: Substances producing adverse biological effects (e.g., chemical, physical).
- Toxins: Specific proteins produced by living organisms (e.g., mushroom, tetanus toxins).
- Poisons: Toxic substances causing immediate death or illness when encountered in small amounts.
Types of Toxicity
- Systemic Toxicity: Multiple site toxicities
- Organ-Specific Toxicity: Toxicity occurs at a specific target organ.
Types of Toxicities
- Acute Toxicity: Rapid effects (hours or days) following single or multiple doses within 24 hours (fatal or not). (e.g., Bhopal incident, carbon monoxide poisoning).
- Subchronic Toxicity: Repeated exposure over several weeks or months (can be reversible). (e.g., coumadin, lead exposure poisoning).
- Chronic Toxicity: Cumulative damage over months or years resulting in irreversible organ/system damage. (e.g., cirrhosis, chronic bronchitis).
- Carcinogenicity: Abnormal cell growth and differentiation leading to cancer.
- Developmental Toxicity: Exposure of developing embryo/fetus to toxicants.
- Genetic Toxicity: Damage to DNA leading to mutations/altered genetic expression.
Specific Organ-Specific Toxicities (Examples)
- Cardiovascular: Myocardial depression, arrhythmias; hypotension.
- Skeletal Muscle: Paralysis.
- Dermal: Rashes, tissue damage.
- Eye: Corrosion, cataracts, impaired vision.
- Blood/Cardiovascular: Hypoxia, Anemia, haemolysis, necrosis
- Hepatotoxicity: Liver damage.
- Nephrotoxicity: Kidney damage.
- Neurotoxicity: Damage to sensory fibers.
- Respiratory: Lung damage.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of toxicology, exploring the historical development, branches, and classifications of toxic agents. Learn about the mechanisms of cellular injury and the factors that influence toxicity. Test your knowledge on key principles such as toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics.
