Principle of toxic Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is toxicology?

  • The study of beneficial effects of chemicals on living organisms
  • The study of chemical reactions in living organisms
  • The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms (correct)
  • The study of chemical synthesis in living organisms

    • What does a toxicologist examine the nature of?

  • Adverse effects including their cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of action (correct)
  • Chemical reactions in living organisms
  • Chemical composition of toxic substances
  • Beneficial effects including their cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of action

    • How are harmful or adverse effects defined?

  • Irrelevant to the survival or normal function of the individual
  • Beneficial to either the survival or normal function of the individual
  • Damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual (correct)
  • Indifferent to the survival or normal function of the individual

    • What factors contribute to the toxicity of a substance?

    <p>Dose, duration, route of exposure, and individual human factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the body by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of a chemical?

    <p>Toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are toxins?

    <p>Toxic substances produced by biological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxicity depends only on the dose of exposure to a substance

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxicants are only produced by biological systems such as plants and animals

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxins are substances that can cause injury by direct contact with a chemical

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxic symptom?

    <p>Any feeling or sign indicating the presence of a poison in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are toxic effects?

    <p>Health effects that occur due to exposure to a toxic substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dose?

    <p>The actual amount of a chemical that enters the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxic symptom an indication of the presence of a poison in the system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxic effects refer to the health effects that occur due to exposure to a toxic substance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dose is the potential amount of a chemical that enters the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'individual susceptibility' refer to?

    <p>The differences in responses to hazardous substances between people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are considered part of the 'sensitive sub population' with regards to exposure to hazardous substances?

    <p>The very young, the chronically ill, and the very old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors could be used to describe a population with regards to their susceptibility to hazardous substances?

    <p>Age, weight, lifestyle, and sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual susceptibility describes the differences in types of responses to hazardous substances, between people. Each person is unique, and because of that, there may be great differences in the response to exposure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sensitive sub population includes the very young, the chronically ill, and the very old, as well as pregnant women and women of childbearing age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exposure to hazardous substances will have the same effect on every individual regardless of age, health, and other factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mechanistic toxicologist study?

    <p>The cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does toxicogenomics enable mechanistic toxicologists to do?

    <p>Identify and protect genetically susceptible individuals from harmful environmental exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can affect the effects of exposure to toxic substances?

    <p>Size of the molecule, specific tissue type, solubility, and potential human effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanistic toxicologists study the effects of exposure to toxic substances on living organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxicogenomics allows mechanistic toxicologists to identify and protect genetically susceptible individuals from harmful environmental exposures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of exposure to toxic substances are the same in all individuals regardless of their genetic makeup and health status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of a descriptive toxicologist?

    <p>Conducting toxicity testing for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of toxicity tests in experimental animals?

    <p>To yield information for evaluating risks posed to humans and the environment by exposure to specific chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for?

    <p>Evaluating risks posed to humans and the environment by exposure to specific chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of a descriptive toxicologist?

    <p>Evaluating risks posed to humans and the environment by exposure to specific chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for?

    <p>Evaluating the risks posed to humans and the environment by exposure to specific chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does toxicogenomics enable mechanistic toxicologists to do?

    <p>Identify and protect genetically susceptible individuals from harmful environmental exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of a regulatory toxicologist?

    <p>Deciding whether a drug or chemical poses a sufficiently low risk based on provided data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do?

    <p>Promotes and protects public health by helping safe products reach the market and monitoring their safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of establishing concentration-based standards for safe exposure?

    <p>To determine the level of a chemical that a person can be exposed to without any harmful health effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regulatory toxicologists are responsible for deciding whether a drug or chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed based on data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologists.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) promotes and protects the public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for establishing concentration-based standards for safe exposure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of forensic toxicology?

    <p>Identifying the cause of death through analysis of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does clinical toxicology primarily concern?

    <p>Administering appropriate treatment for exposure to toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of analytical toxicology?

    <p>Identifying the toxicant through analysis of body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic toxicology primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analytical toxicology identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, urine, feces, or skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical toxicology is concerned with diseases and illnesses associated with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forensic toxicology primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analytical toxicology identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, urine, feces, or skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical toxicology is only concerned with diseases associated with short term exposure to toxic chemicals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of occupational (industrial) toxicology?

    <p>Studying health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main area of interest in food toxicology?

    <p>Studying additives and potential adverse effects in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of environmental toxicology?

    <p>Studying the impacts of chemical pollutants in the environment on biological organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology is concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals outside of the workplace.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food Toxicology is involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food to the consumer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All additives in food are studied to determine if they may produce adverse effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can toxic agents be classified based on their source?

    <p>Animal and plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of physical state, how can toxic agents be classified?

    <p>Gas, dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are toxic agents classified based on chemical structure?

    <p>Aromatic amine, halogenated hydrocarbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the target organs of toxicity in systemic toxicity?

    <p>CNS, circulatory system, blood and hematopoietic system, liver, kidney, lung, and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are seldom target tissues for systemic effects?

    <p>Muscle and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the major toxicity usually elicited in systemic toxicity?

    <p>Only in one or two organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'LD 50' stand for in toxicology?

    <p>Lethal Dose causing 50% mortality in treated animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the poisoning potential of chemicals classified based on LD 50 value?

    <p>Extremely toxic, very toxic, slightly toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Median Lethal Dose (LD 50) in toxicology?

    <p>Determines the dose causing death in 50% of treated animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for toxicity to develop in a substance?

    <p>Exposure to a body surface such as skin, eye, or mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to consider when discussing the toxicity of a chemical?

    <p>The dose of the chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What series of events does the mechanism of chemical toxicity involve?

    <p>Begins with exposure, involves interactions between the toxicant and the organism, and culminates in a toxic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are necessary for a toxic response to occur after chemical exposure?

    <p>Chemical and physical properties of the agent, exposure situation, system's elimination of the agent, overall biological system susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does cellular dysfunction and injury occur in the development of toxicity after chemical exposure?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential stages in the development of toxicity after chemical exposure?

    <p>Delivery, Interaction with target molecule or alteration of biological environment, Cellular dysfunction and injury, Dysrepair (toxicity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of exposure generally produces the greatest effect and the most rapid response?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major route (pathway) for toxic agents to gain access to the body through ingestion?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of exposure involves introducing toxic agents directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acute exposure as defined by toxicologists?

    <p>Exposure to a single administration of chemical for less than 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does subchronic exposure refer to according to toxicologists?

    <p>Repeated exposure to a chemical for 1 to 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is acute exposure by inhalation defined?

    <p>Continuous exposure for less than 24 hours, most frequently for 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxic effects is likely to be produced by acute exposure to agents that are absorbed rapidly?

    <p>Immediate toxic effects and possibly delayed toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxic effects may chronic exposure to a toxic agent produce?

    <p>Immediate (acute) effects and long term, low level, or chronic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the toxic effects of repeated exposure different from those of a single exposure?

    <p>They may include both immediate and delayed toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between immediate and delayed toxicity?

    <p>Immediate toxicity occurs shortly after exposure, while delayed toxicity has a longer onset period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reversible versus irreversible effect refer to in toxicology?

    <p>Reversible effect can be mitigated through medical intervention, while irreversible effect cannot be reversed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of idiosyncratic reaction in toxicology?

    <p>Idiosyncratic reaction occurs unpredictably in individuals due to genetic or other unknown factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point can allergic reactions result from exposure to relatively very low doses of chemicals for a sensitized individual?

    <p>Once sensitization has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between allergic reactions and dose for a given allergic individual?

    <p>Allergic reactions are dose related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does chemical idiosyncrasy refer to in toxicology?

    <p>Genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual nature of the response observed in chemical idiosyncrasy?

    <p>Qualitatively similar to that observed in all individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the response in chemical idiosyncrasy from that of other individuals?

    <p>Extreme sensitivity to low doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do immediate toxic effects occur?

    <p>Rapidly after a single administration of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do delayed toxic effects occur?

    <p>After the lapse of some period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What largely determines whether a toxic effect is reversible or irreversible?

    <p>The ability of the tissue to regenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of toxic effects are usually considered irreversible once they occur?

    <p>Carcinogenic and teratogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor largely determines whether a toxic effect is reversible or irreversible?

    <p>Tissue regeneration capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do local effects occur?

    <p>At the site of first contact with the toxicant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effects require absorption and distribution of a toxicant?

    <p>Systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity elicit their major toxicity?

    <p>In the target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect refers to an increase in toxicity due to the combined action of two or more toxicants?

    <p>Synergistic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of chemical interaction may lead to a decrease in toxicity?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an effect that results in a decrease in toxicity due to the interaction of toxicants?

    <p>Antagonism effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone?

    <p>Synergistic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does potentiation occur in relation to chemical toxicity?

    <p>When one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the effects of two chemicals given together equal the sum of the effects of each agent given alone, what type of effect is observed?

    <p>Additive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone?

    <p>Synergistic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does potentiation occur in relation to chemical toxicity?

    <p>When one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the combined effects of two chemicals equal the sum of the effects of each agent given alone, what type of effect is observed?

    <p>Additive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function?

    <p>Functional antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dispositional antagonism, how is the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical altered?

    <p>Reduced concentration at the target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chemical antagonism or inactivation?

    <p>A chemical reaction between two compounds producing a less toxic product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals produce similar effects on the same physiologic function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical antagonism or inactivation is a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a more toxic product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptor antagonism occurs when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function?

    <p>Functional antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dispositional antagonism, how is the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical altered?

    <p>Diminished at the target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does receptor antagonism occur?

    <p>When one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dispositional antagonism occurs when the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptor antagonism occurs when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selective toxicity mean?

    <p>Causing injury to one kind of living matter without harming another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can selective toxicity be due to?

    <p>Differences in distribution, cytology, and biochemical processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is it possible to develop agents that are lethal for an undesired species and harmless for other species?

    <p>By understanding and leveraging selective toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective toxicity means that a chemical can harm one type of living matter without harming another.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective toxicity can be due to differences in distribution, cytology, and differing biochemical processing of the toxicant by different organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective toxicity is not possible to achieve with current scientific knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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