Principle of toxic Quiz

What is toxicology?

What does a toxicologist examine the nature of?

How are harmful or adverse effects defined?

What factors contribute to the toxicity of a substance?

Which term relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the body by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of a chemical?

What are toxins?

Toxicity depends only on the dose of exposure to a substance

Toxicants are only produced by biological systems such as plants and animals

Toxins are substances that can cause injury by direct contact with a chemical

What is a toxic symptom?

What are toxic effects?

What is a dose?

What is a toxic symptom an indication of the presence of a poison in the system?

Toxic effects refer to the health effects that occur due to exposure to a toxic substance.

The dose is the potential amount of a chemical that enters the body.

What does the term 'individual susceptibility' refer to?

Who are considered part of the 'sensitive sub population' with regards to exposure to hazardous substances?

What factors could be used to describe a population with regards to their susceptibility to hazardous substances?

Individual susceptibility describes the differences in types of responses to hazardous substances, between people. Each person is unique, and because of that, there may be great differences in the response to exposure.

A sensitive sub population includes the very young, the chronically ill, and the very old, as well as pregnant women and women of childbearing age.

Exposure to hazardous substances will have the same effect on every individual regardless of age, health, and other factors.

What does a mechanistic toxicologist study?

What does toxicogenomics enable mechanistic toxicologists to do?

What factors can affect the effects of exposure to toxic substances?

Mechanistic toxicologists study the effects of exposure to toxic substances on living organisms.

Toxicogenomics allows mechanistic toxicologists to identify and protect genetically susceptible individuals from harmful environmental exposures.

The effects of exposure to toxic substances are the same in all individuals regardless of their genetic makeup and health status.

What is the primary concern of a descriptive toxicologist?

What is the purpose of toxicity tests in experimental animals?

What do toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for?

What is the primary concern of a descriptive toxicologist?

What do toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for?

What does toxicogenomics enable mechanistic toxicologists to do?

What is the responsibility of a regulatory toxicologist?

What does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do?

What is the purpose of establishing concentration-based standards for safe exposure?

Regulatory toxicologists are responsible for deciding whether a drug or chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed based on data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologists.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) promotes and protects the public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way.

Toxicity tests in experimental animals aim to provide information for establishing concentration-based standards for safe exposure.

What is the primary focus of forensic toxicology?

What does clinical toxicology primarily concern?

What is the role of analytical toxicology?

Forensic toxicology primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals.

Analytical toxicology identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, urine, feces, or skin.

Clinical toxicology is concerned with diseases and illnesses associated with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals.

Forensic toxicology primarily focuses on the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals.

Analytical toxicology identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, urine, feces, or skin.

Clinical toxicology is only concerned with diseases associated with short term exposure to toxic chemicals.

What is the primary focus of occupational (industrial) toxicology?

What is the main area of interest in food toxicology?

What is the focus of environmental toxicology?

Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology is concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals outside of the workplace.

Food Toxicology is involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food to the consumer.

All additives in food are studied to determine if they may produce adverse effects.

How can toxic agents be classified based on their source?

In terms of physical state, how can toxic agents be classified?

How are toxic agents classified based on chemical structure?

What are the target organs of toxicity in systemic toxicity?

Which organs are seldom target tissues for systemic effects?

Where is the major toxicity usually elicited in systemic toxicity?

What does the term 'LD 50' stand for in toxicology?

How is the poisoning potential of chemicals classified based on LD 50 value?

What is the significance of the Median Lethal Dose (LD 50) in toxicology?

What is necessary for toxicity to develop in a substance?

What is important to consider when discussing the toxicity of a chemical?

What series of events does the mechanism of chemical toxicity involve?

What factors are necessary for a toxic response to occur after chemical exposure?

At what stage does cellular dysfunction and injury occur in the development of toxicity after chemical exposure?

What are the potential stages in the development of toxicity after chemical exposure?

Which route of exposure generally produces the greatest effect and the most rapid response?

What is the major route (pathway) for toxic agents to gain access to the body through ingestion?

Which route of exposure involves introducing toxic agents directly into the bloodstream?

What is acute exposure as defined by toxicologists?

What does subchronic exposure refer to according to toxicologists?

How is acute exposure by inhalation defined?

What type of toxic effects is likely to be produced by acute exposure to agents that are absorbed rapidly?

What type of toxic effects may chronic exposure to a toxic agent produce?

How are the toxic effects of repeated exposure different from those of a single exposure?

What is the difference between immediate and delayed toxicity?

What does reversible versus irreversible effect refer to in toxicology?

What is the focus of idiosyncratic reaction in toxicology?

What term is used to describe an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization?

At what point can allergic reactions result from exposure to relatively very low doses of chemicals for a sensitized individual?

What is the relationship between allergic reactions and dose for a given allergic individual?

What does chemical idiosyncrasy refer to in toxicology?

What is the usual nature of the response observed in chemical idiosyncrasy?

What distinguishes the response in chemical idiosyncrasy from that of other individuals?

When do immediate toxic effects occur?

When do delayed toxic effects occur?

What largely determines whether a toxic effect is reversible or irreversible?

Which types of toxic effects are usually considered irreversible once they occur?

What factor largely determines whether a toxic effect is reversible or irreversible?

Where do local effects occur?

What type of effects require absorption and distribution of a toxicant?

Where do most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity elicit their major toxicity?

What type of effect refers to an increase in toxicity due to the combined action of two or more toxicants?

Which mechanism of chemical interaction may lead to a decrease in toxicity?

What is the term for an effect that results in a decrease in toxicity due to the interaction of toxicants?

What type of effect occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone?

When does potentiation occur in relation to chemical toxicity?

If the effects of two chemicals given together equal the sum of the effects of each agent given alone, what type of effect is observed?

What type of effect occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone?

When does potentiation occur in relation to chemical toxicity?

If the combined effects of two chemicals equal the sum of the effects of each agent given alone, what type of effect is observed?

What type of antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function?

In dispositional antagonism, how is the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical altered?

What is chemical antagonism or inactivation?

Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals produce similar effects on the same physiologic function.

Chemical antagonism or inactivation is a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a more toxic product.

Receptor antagonism occurs when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical.

What type of antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function?

In dispositional antagonism, how is the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical altered?

When does receptor antagonism occur?

Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic function.

Dispositional antagonism occurs when the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished.

Receptor antagonism occurs when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical.

What does selective toxicity mean?

What can selective toxicity be due to?

How is it possible to develop agents that are lethal for an undesired species and harmless for other species?

Selective toxicity means that a chemical can harm one type of living matter without harming another.

Selective toxicity can be due to differences in distribution, cytology, and differing biochemical processing of the toxicant by different organisms.

Selective toxicity is not possible to achieve with current scientific knowledge.