Introduction to Toxicology and Important Definitions

Both carbon tetrachloride and ethanol are hepatotoxic compounds, but together they produce much more liver injury than the mathematical sum of their individual effects on liver at a given dose. This phenomenon is known as __________

When one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic, it is called __________

Chemical antagonism or inactivation refers to a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a ________ toxic product

Dispositional antagonism happens when the absorption, biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or duration of the chemical at the target organ are ________

Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing ________ effects on the same physiologic function

Receptor antagonism can also happen when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical, resulting in a situation where 0 + 4 = 1, highlighting the concept of ________ antagonism

Receptor antagonism occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when given together than the addition of their separate effects. This is an example of ________ antagonism

Functional antagonism occurs when two chemicals produce ________ effects on the same physiologic function

In a situation where two chemicals bind to the same receptor, but the combined effect is less than the sum of their individual effects, it is an example of ________ antagonism

Chemical antagonism or inactivation refers to a chemical reaction between two compounds that results in a product that is ________ harmful