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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes a pesticide?
Which statement accurately describes a pesticide?
- A naturally occurring mineral that enhances plant growth.
- A process used to purify water sources for agricultural use.
- A type of fertilizer designed to increase crop yield.
- A physical, chemical, or biological substance used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests. (correct)
Which of the following is considered a 'pest' in the context of pesticide use?
Which of the following is considered a 'pest' in the context of pesticide use?
- Insects, rodents, weeds, and other undesirable organisms. (correct)
- Beneficial insects that aid in pollination.
- Soil microorganisms that contribute to nutrient cycling.
- Native plant species in an agricultural ecosystem.
Historically, what substance was used in ancient Egypt around 1550 B.C. for pest control?
Historically, what substance was used in ancient Egypt around 1550 B.C. for pest control?
- Preparations to remove fleas (correct)
- DDT
- Rotenone
- Organophosphates
Which of the following crops could be subject to harm from the use of a herbicide?
Which of the following crops could be subject to harm from the use of a herbicide?
In the classification of pesticides, what distinguishes insecticides from other types?
In the classification of pesticides, what distinguishes insecticides from other types?
What is the primary focus when comparing and contrasting pesticide classes?
What is the primary focus when comparing and contrasting pesticide classes?
Which factor contributed significantly to Paul Hermann Müller receiving the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1948?
Which factor contributed significantly to Paul Hermann Müller receiving the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1948?
Which of these factors is most relevant when evaluating the use of DDT for mosquito control?
Which of these factors is most relevant when evaluating the use of DDT for mosquito control?
What is the MAIN purpose of 'other' agents in pesticide formulations, beyond the active ingredient?
What is the MAIN purpose of 'other' agents in pesticide formulations, beyond the active ingredient?
How can pesticide exposure be measured?
How can pesticide exposure be measured?
What is the significance of Cholinesterase levels in the context of pesticide exposure monitoring?
What is the significance of Cholinesterase levels in the context of pesticide exposure monitoring?
In the WHO classification of pesticides by hazard, which class poses the HIGHEST risk?
In the WHO classification of pesticides by hazard, which class poses the HIGHEST risk?
What is a key objective of governmental policies and regulations regarding pesticides?
What is a key objective of governmental policies and regulations regarding pesticides?
What is the relevance of the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act (Act 36 of 1947)?
What is the relevance of the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act (Act 36 of 1947)?
Why is understanding 'Routes of Exposure' important in toxicology?
Why is understanding 'Routes of Exposure' important in toxicology?
What is the role of Activated Carbon, such as XAD-2, in pesticide exposure assessment?
What is the role of Activated Carbon, such as XAD-2, in pesticide exposure assessment?
What is a key reason behind the implementation of regulations regarding pesticide use?
What is a key reason behind the implementation of regulations regarding pesticide use?
South Africa has a high usage rate of pesticides in Africa. What is the general number of registered pesticides in South Africa?
South Africa has a high usage rate of pesticides in Africa. What is the general number of registered pesticides in South Africa?
What are some of the objectives of the policy to improve the legislative framework?
What are some of the objectives of the policy to improve the legislative framework?
Within the context of pesticide exposure, what does the term "Bystander Exposure" refer to?
Within the context of pesticide exposure, what does the term "Bystander Exposure" refer to?
In the Beroepsgeesondheid en Veiligheids wet (Occupational Health and Safety Act), what percentage of the individuals baseline is classified as acceptable?
In the Beroepsgeesondheid en Veiligheids wet (Occupational Health and Safety Act), what percentage of the individuals baseline is classified as acceptable?
What led to the ban of DDT in most countries by the 1970's?
What led to the ban of DDT in most countries by the 1970's?
What prompted the study of contact insecticides?
What prompted the study of contact insecticides?
What factors does Cholinesterase inhibeerders affect?
What factors does Cholinesterase inhibeerders affect?
Which statement accurately reflects the historical context of pesticide use?
Which statement accurately reflects the historical context of pesticide use?
How does the bioaccumulation of certain pesticides affect the environment?
How does the bioaccumulation of certain pesticides affect the environment?
What is the MOST dangerous class in the 'Classification of Pesticides by Hazard'?
What is the MOST dangerous class in the 'Classification of Pesticides by Hazard'?
In assessing dermal exposure to pesticides, what role do "fluorescent tracers" play?
In assessing dermal exposure to pesticides, what role do "fluorescent tracers" play?
While the benefits of DDT in combating malaria are recognized, what is a major environmental concern associated with its extensive use?
While the benefits of DDT in combating malaria are recognized, what is a major environmental concern associated with its extensive use?
When determining the safety of a pesticide, what are the key considerations?
When determining the safety of a pesticide, what are the key considerations?
When was the employment law Beroepsgeesondheid en Veiligheids wet enforced?
When was the employment law Beroepsgeesondheid en Veiligheids wet enforced?
In what specific scenario would ingesting Butane pose a toxicological concern in the context of pesticide exposure?
In what specific scenario would ingesting Butane pose a toxicological concern in the context of pesticide exposure?
Why is it essential to give an opinion on the use and misuse of pesticides in the community?
Why is it essential to give an opinion on the use and misuse of pesticides in the community?
According to the material, what challenges did Paul Hermann Müller face in his search for an effective contact insecticide?
According to the material, what challenges did Paul Hermann Müller face in his search for an effective contact insecticide?
Which class of pesticides are specifically designed to target mites?
Which class of pesticides are specifically designed to target mites?
Which of the following classes represents a category of pesticides designed to control fungal organisms?
Which of the following classes represents a category of pesticides designed to control fungal organisms?
Consider a scenario where the use of a pesticide is essential for crop protection in a developing country, but its application poses potential environmental risks. According to the provided information, which overarching ethical consideration should guide decision-making?
Consider a scenario where the use of a pesticide is essential for crop protection in a developing country, but its application poses potential environmental risks. According to the provided information, which overarching ethical consideration should guide decision-making?
What is the MOST complex and difficult challenge in regulating pesticides, according to the material?
What is the MOST complex and difficult challenge in regulating pesticides, according to the material?
A new pesticide has been developed that shows promising results in controlling a devastating agricultural pest. Initial laboratory tests indicate low toxicity to mammals, but long-term environmental impacts are unknown. Given the objectives of pesticide policy, what is the MOST responsible course of action?
A new pesticide has been developed that shows promising results in controlling a devastating agricultural pest. Initial laboratory tests indicate low toxicity to mammals, but long-term environmental impacts are unknown. Given the objectives of pesticide policy, what is the MOST responsible course of action?
Flashcards
What is a pesticide?
What is a pesticide?
A physical, chemical, or biological substance or mixture that prevents, destroys, repels, or relieves pests.
What are regarded as pests?
What are regarded as pests?
Insects, rodents, weeds, and other undesirable organisms.
What is toxicology?
What is toxicology?
Focuses on the effects of harmful substances or mixtures on living organisms.
Classes of Pesticides
Classes of Pesticides
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What is a dangerous substance?
What is a dangerous substance?
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Active Ingredient
Active Ingredient
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Other Ingredient
Other Ingredient
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Pesticide Exposure: Respiratory
Pesticide Exposure: Respiratory
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Pesticide Exposure: Dermal
Pesticide Exposure: Dermal
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Pesticide Exposure: Ingestion
Pesticide Exposure: Ingestion
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Biological Monitoring
Biological Monitoring
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Biomarkers
Biomarkers
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Class la and lb active ingredients
Class la and lb active ingredients
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Study Notes
Course Information
- The course code is BHIG 311
- The course is Toksikologie II / Toxicology II
- Study Unit 1 focuses on Plaagdoders / Pesticides
- Ms. Danay Stoppel is the instructor
Admin Contact Details
- Ms. Danay Stoppel can be reached via [email protected], or at 018 299 2439
- Her office is located in Gebou F12, kamer 123 / Building F12, room 123
- Consultation hours are on Thursdays from 9:30 – 13:00
Class Details
- F10 – G02 is the classroom
- Class times are:
- Mondays: 14:30 – 17:45
- Wednesdays: 13:00 – 14:15
- Thursdays: 07:30 – 09:15, for class tests
Module Plan
- Ms D Stoppel is teaching:
- Pesticides
- Metals
- Solvents
- Dr I Engelbrecht is teaching Nanomaterials
- Ms K Kriel is teaching:
- Toxic responses of the respiratory system
- Toxic responses of the skin
Prescribed Book
- Casarett & Doull's Essentials of Toxicology, 4th ed. McGraw Hill Education, 2021, edited by Klaassen, C.D. & Watkins, J.B. ISBN 978-1-260-45229-7
- The eBook is available through the North-West University Libraries
Assessment Dates
- Assignment 1 is due on 4 March 2024
- Class test 1 is on 7 March 2024
- Assignment 2 (SU 1) is due on 8 April 2024
- Class test 2 (SU 2 & 3) is on 9 May 2024
- Formative assessment occurs from 22 April – 3 May
Class Schedule
- 11 March at 14:30 (5+6) is Study section 1 on Pesticides
- 13 March at 13:00 (4) is Study section 1
- 14 March at 08:00 (1) is Study section 1
- 18 March at 14:30 (5+6) is Study section 4 by Dr. Ilzé Engelbrecht
- 20 March at 13:00 (4) is Study section 2 on Metals
- 21 March is HUMAN RIGHTS DAY
- There is a RECESS from 22 March – 1 April
- 3 April at 13:00 (4) is Study section 2
- 4 April at 07:30 (1) is Study section 2
- 8 April at 14:30 (5+6) is Study section 2 (Assignment 2)
- 10 April at 13:00 (4) is Study section 3 on Solvents
- 11 April at 07:30 (1) is Study section 3
- 15 April at 14:30 (5+6) is Study section 3
- 17 April at 13:00 (4) is Revision
- 18 April at 07:30 (1) is Revision
- There is an ASSESSMENT WEEK from 22 April – 3 May
- 9 May at 07:30 (1) is Class test 2
Study Unit 1: Pesticides
- Chapter 22 provides a basis for the study unit
Learning Outcomes for the "Pestisiede / Pesticides"
- Distinguish different pesticides by their uses, chemical structure, mechanism of toxicity, and health effects
- Form an opinion on pesticide use and misuse in society
Pesticide Categories
- Insecticides target insects
- Anticholine esterase compounds
- Organophosphates
- Carbamates
- Pyrethroid esters
- Organochloride compounds
- DDT and analogues
- Hexachlorocyclohexane and cyclodines
- Other new and old insecticides
- Rotenoids
- Nicotine
- Anticholine esterase compounds
- Insect repellents repel insects
- DEET
- Picaridin (self-study)
- Herbicides target plant life
- Chlorophenoxy compounds
- Bipyridyl derivatives
- Phosphonomethyl amino acids (self-study)
- Fungicides target fungus
- Captan and Folpet
- Rodenticides target rodents
- Anticoagulants
- Fumigants are pesticides that are gasses
- Methyl bromide
- 1,3-Dichloropropene (self-study)
Introduction to Pesticides
- A pesticide is a physical, chemical, or biological substance/mixture that prevents, destroys, repels, or relieves pests
- Pests include insects, rodents, weeds, and other undesirable organisms
- Pesticides are deliberately added to the environment to destroy or injure life
- Pesticides are specific or non-specific
Historical Usage
- 1550 B.C. in Egypt, there were preparations to remove fleas from homes
- Dioscorides used sulfur & arsenic
- Rotenone was used to kill fish
Modern Pesticide Usage
- South Africa has the highest usage rate in Africa
- There are > 700 registered pesticides
Economics and Public Health
- Benefits of pesticide use must be weighed against risks of human injury or harm to the environment
- DDT can protect against vector-borne illness, such as malaria, but can cause environmental harm and bioaccumulation
DDT Usage
- DDT use in Italy eradicated malaria
- In 1944 there were 175 cases
- In 1949 there were 0 cases
- The USA banned due to the environmental and bird life effects
- Banning DDT in South Africa led to a resurgence of malaria
- 1996 had <10 000 cases of malaria
- By 2000 there was 62 000 malaria cases
- At the end of 2000 there was 12 500 Malaria cases
Actives and Ingredients
- A pesticide consists of 'active' and 'other' agents
- 'Active Ingredient' chemicals kill, control, or repel pests
- 'Other Ingredients' mix, dilute, administer, and stabilize
- The toxicity of both active and other agents need to be considered
- Butane can be used as a propellant in spray cans
Routes of Exposure
- Exposure Routes:
- Respiratory
- Dermal
- Ingestion
- Respiratory:
- Inhalation during spraying activities
- Dermal:
- Skin is a prominent route of exposure
- Handling, application and "spills" (waste)
- Clothing acts as "reservoir"
- Absence of PPE + bad personal hygiene
- Ingestion:
- Suicide
- Accidental ingestion, such as contaminated food
Measuring Exposure
- Respiratory exposure can be measured using
- NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) method 5600 (organophosphates)
- XAD-2 tube
- NIOSH method 5601 (organonitrogen)
- Dermal Exposure:
- Dosimetry using "patches", cotton gloves, etc.
- "Fluorescent tracers” and video-analysis
- Skin exposure:
- Dosimetry - patches, cotton gloves
- Fluorescent tracers” and video analysis
- Biological monitoring:
- Biomarkers of exposure identify exposure levels
- Cholinesterase esterase levels: biomarkers identifying biochemical or biological effect levels
SA Legislation
- The Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) protects employees
- OEL-RL (Tabel 2) of HCSR (1995) includes:
- Captan
- Chlorpyrifos – Sk notation
- Parathion – Sk notation
- Warfarin
- BEI (Table 3) for HCSR includes Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Cholinesterase activity in is at 70% of an individual's baseline
- Parathion
- Total p-nitrophenol in urine at the end of shift is 0.5 mg/g creatinine /
- Cholinesterase activity should be at 70% of an individual's baseline
- Other acts include:
- Fertilizers, farm feeds, agricultural remedies and stock remedies Act (Act 36 of 1947)
- Pesticide management policy (GN 1120 of 2010)
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