Agricultural Poisons

Agricultural Poisons

• Barium: Water-soluble salts can lead to hypokalemia, respiratory and cardiac arrest; treatment is KCl, MgSO4, and Na2SO4.
• Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides: Toxic, persistent in the environment, accumulate in biologic systems, and act as neurotoxins.
• Chlorophenoxy Herbicides: Used as growth hormone stimulators in plants, cause GI and neurologic toxicity; elimination enhanced by urine alkalinization.
• Dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs): Highly toxic substances, human carcinogens, potent animal toxins.
• Fluoroacetates: Highly toxic rodenticides, metabolize to fluorocitrate which blocks cellular metabolism.
• Organophosphates & Carbamates: Cholinesterase inhibitors, treated with atropine or pralidoxime.
• Paraquats & Diquats: Dipyridyl herbicides, cause tissue destruction through "lipid peroxidation".
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP) & Dinitrophenol (DNP): PCP is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon, formerly a pesticide, now investigated as a hormone disrupter; DNP has uses as insecticide, herbicide, fungicide etc, and can cause oxidation of hemoglobin.
• Pyrethrin & Pyrethroids: Pyrethrins are natural insecticides, pyrethroids are synthetically derived, most common example is deltamethrin.
• Vacor: A rat killer that causes irreversible IDDM and ANS injury.
• Warfarin: Coumarin derivatives inhibit Vitamin K synthesis.

Industrial Poisons

• Ammonia: Mixed with chlorine or hypochlorite forms chloramine gas (irritant), causes liquefaction necrosis.
• Arsine (AsH3): Colorless hydride gas, causes hemolysis if inhaled, has a garlic-like odor.
• Asbestos: Causes asbestosis, lung restriction and decreased gas exchange.
• Azide (Sodium): Used in automobile air bags, causes cellular asphyxiation.
• Benzene: By-product of gasoline, toxic metabolite affects the hematopoeitic system.
• Carbon Disulfide: Solvent and metabolite of disulfiram, inhibits metabolic pathways.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO): Colorless, odorless gas, causes cellular hypoxia and ischemia.
• Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) & Chloroform (CHCl3): CCl4 once used as a solvent, now in chemical manufacturing; CHCl3 a chlorinated HC solvent used to produce Freon and in chemical industry. Both are hepatotoxic with treatment being N-acetylcysteine.
• Caustics & Corrosives: Acids cause coagulation-type necrosis, alkalies cause liquefactive necrosis.
• Chlorates: Oxidizing agents that produce methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, GI irritation; renal failure due to hemolysis.
• Cyanide: Highly toxic, aliphatic nitriles metabolize to cyanide, nitroprusside releases cyanide on exposure to light.

Other Poisons

• Natural sources of cyanide include apricot pits and cassava
• Acetonitrile (artificial nail glue removers) has caused deaths
• HCN easily generated by mixing acid with CN salts, a common combustion by-product.

Ethanol & Alcohol

• Ethanol: Frequently ingested, causes CNS depression and hypoglycemia, treated with disulfiram, vitamin B1 and sodium bicarbonate.
• Ethylene Glycol: Primary ingredient in antifreeze, metabolized to formic and oxalic acid; treatment is ethanol or fomepizole, folic acid and leucovorin, thiamine and pyridoxine.
• Ethylene Oxide (EO): Flammable gas sterilizer, alkylating agent, mucous membrane irritant.
• Isopropyl Alcohol: Solvent, antiseptic, disinfectant abuses as "blue heaven"

Methanol & Other Compounds

• Methanol: Ingredient in solvents, antifreeze, converted to formaldehyde, then formic acid. Fomepizole, ethanol and folic acid can be used to treat a toxic overdose.
• Naphthalene & Paradichlorobenzene: Found in moth repellants, causes hemolysis and irritation.
• Oxalic Acid: Used in stain removal solutions, is corrosive. It can also lead to sequestration of calcium; treatment is with calcium gluconate or calcium chloride (10%).
• Phosgene: Primarily made for use in warfare, it's also used in resins, pesticides and dye manufacturing.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): Colorless gas formed from sulphur containg materials and burning such materials; it also leads to acid rain.
• Thallium: Soft metal that oxidizes upon exposure to air. Effects include hair loss and nail dystrophy (mees' lines)

Metallic Poisons

• Antimony: Stibine (antimony hydride) is a colorless gas from antimony containing ore/slag treated with acid. Binds to -SH groups, causes hemolysis and irritation.
• Arsenic: Inorganic arsenic trioxide treats cancer; produces arsine gas from contact with hydrogen or reducing agents.
• **Beryllium:"**Most toxic metal", causes skin irritation and berryliosis.
• Cadmium: Irritant and nephrotoxic, causes Itai-itai disease.
• Chromium: Trace mineral that functions as a glucose tolerance factor.
• Copper: Blue green vomitus and green stained hair; treated with penicillamine.
• Lead: Lines on gums and wrist/ foot drop; Calcium EDTA is used to treat a toxic overdose.
• Manganese: Intoxication caused by mainly chronic exposure, rather than acute exposure; may be linked to the organic fungicide Maneb.
• Mercury: Found as HgS in cinnabar ore. Causes acrodynia and minamata disease.

Phosphorus & Poisons

• Phosphorous: Colorless or yellow crystalline substance with garlic like odour; it's almost insoluable in water.
• Selenium: Essential trace element (antioxidant).
• Boric Acid: Common manifestation of "boiled lobster appearance"
• Bromates: Can improve bread texture and are components of explosives.
• Chlorine: Yellowish-green gas; corrosive agent.

Detergents

• Accidental ingestion is common and severe toxicity is rare
• Protein precipitation occurs
• S/Sx: Intractable vomiting; diarrhea and hematemesis; corrosive injury to the mouth, pharynx, GIT and eyes; erythema
• Treatment: water or milk

Drug and Medical Poisons

• Acetaminophen: Metabolized to NAPQI, causes hepatotoxicity, treat with NAC.
• Amantadine: Exhibits Anticholinergic activity
• Anesthetics: can be the case of toxicity if there are inadvertent IV issues, rapid injections and dilution issues
• ACE Inhibitors & A2R Blockers: Can lead to hypotension, cough and angioedema
• Antiarrhythmics Groupings: Type 1,2,3,4 drugs all have the potential to markedly depress myocardial automaticity
• Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin, Cefazolin (convulsions), Cephalothin, cephaloridine,Chloramphenicol (grey-baby syndrome), Dapsone (methemoglobinemia), Ethambutol (neuro), Erythromycin (QT prolongation), Gramicidin, Isoniazid, Linocomycin(cardiopulmonary arrest), Metronidazole(disulfiram-like reactions),Nalidixic acid (seizures), nitrofurantoin, Penicillin(seizures), Polymyxins (Nephro), Rifampin (red urine and tears), Trimethoprim, Vancomycin (nephro)
• Antibiotics can all cause different adverse reactions, like kidney issues (nephrotoxicity), interstitial nephritis and liver toxicity.
• Anticholinergics: Treatment includes physostigmine and neostigmine
• Anticonvulsants: Effects on GABA; S/Sx: CNS depression, respiratory depression and coma
• Antidepressants: Major cause of poisoning and hospitalization
• Antidiabetics: S/Sx: Hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis
• Antihistamines: MOA is that Antagonizes the effects of histamine, stimulates the CNS.
• Antineoplastics: Attacks DNA, inhibits mitosis, and is toxic to cells.

More Drugs and Poisons

• Antipsychotics: Acute overdose seldom puts people in the grave.
• Antiseptics/ Disinfectants include: Chlorhexidine (Corrosive), Glutaraldehyde (Irritant), hydrogen peroxide (Oxidation), ichthammol and potassium permanganate
• Barbiturates: Also known as "Christmas Tree"; Large doses of hypotension occurs with depression issues.
• Benzodiazapines: Flumazenil can be used for TX
• Beta Blockers: Excessive beta-adrenergic blockage
• B2 Stimulants: Can result in vasodilation, and muscle tremors
• Bromides MOA: Depressant issues
• Ca Blockers can result in life threatening issues and can be treated with either calcium gluconate or calcium chloride.
• Carbemazepine:Acute toxicity causes anticholinergic effects and cardiac disturbances; also characterized by seizures
• Clonidine can cause hypertension
• Colchicine: Used as a homicidal poison

More Poisons

• Dapsone: Can result in brown blood and hemolytic anemia.
• Disulfiram: Also known as "Antabuse"
• Diuretics: Can Lead to fluid reduction and cardiac arrhythmias.
• **Ergot Derivatives:**Treats migraines; is produced by the fungus, Claviceps purpurea
• Iodine: Mot corrosive
• Ipecac Syrup: Direct irritation to systemic surfaces.
• Isoniazid (INH): Reduction of brain.
• **Lithium:**Serious toxicity- renal problems and sodium depletion.
• Lomotil:S/Sx: Paralytic ileus
• **Magnesium Antagonism of Calcium
• MAO INHIBITORS- MOT is irreversible MAO inhibition/sxHypertensive crisis\
• NicotinePoisoning -In children that ingest with saliva.\
• Nitrates & Nitrites MOT is headache
• NitroprussideMOT is hydrolysis.\
• NSAIDS.Gastric irritation
• PhenolMott Protein precipitation
• PoisoningQuinine
• SalicylatesBefore the introduction

Poisons List

• Sedative Hypnotics- CNS depression or coma.
• Strychnine- Can result in seizures.
• Valproic Acid is MOT,Increase levels of GABA and prolongs the recovery of inactivated sodium channels/s/xParadoxic seizures
• VITAMINS:A,C,D,E,K and B/
• Zinc acts Primarily through inhibition.
• drugs CAFFEINE/ AMETHMAPHETAMINE,MOTT Activating the. Peripheral release
• CocaineDrugs. Snifed, smoked ,
• gamma- Mot date rape drug

Plants & Venom

• LYSERGIC serotonin
• Resin may be dried
• opiatesmott\
• Scopolamine.mot generalized