Toxicology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is primarily caused by inhaling cotton dust?

  • Byssinosis (correct)
  • Presbycusis
  • Siderosis
  • NIHL

    • What is the primary purpose of local exhaust ventilation in a workplace?

  • Reduce humidity levels
  • Mix clean and contaminated air
  • Increase air pressure
  • Remove contaminated air from the source (correct)

    • In terms of biosafety levels, which level poses the highest potential hazards?

  • Level 2
  • Level 4 (correct)
  • Level 1
  • Level 3

    • Which of the following noise levels corresponds to the acceptable limit for 8 hours as per OSHA regulations?

    <p>90 dBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor in the design of a local exhaust ventilation system?

    <p>Hood design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the difference in sound levels is 2 to 3 dBA, what adjustment should be made according to the noise addition rules?

    <p>Add 2 dBA to the higher value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate noise dosage for a worker exposed to various noise levels?

    <p>D = 100( t/16 + 1.5/8 + 2/4 + 1/2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilation involves the mixing of fresh air with contaminated air?

    <p>Dilution ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total sound level calculated if the readings are at 80 dBA, 85 dBA, and 90 dBA?

    <p>91.5 dBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable exposure time for a worker at 95 dBA according to OSHA standards?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the inverse square law, what would the sound level be at a distance of 50 feet if 100 dBA is measured at 10 feet?

    <p>86.020 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a Standard Threshold Shift (STS) according to the OSHA guidelines?

    <p>A change in hearing threshold of 10 dBA or more for 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, or 4000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is capable of penetrating human skin and is more penetrative than alpha rays?

    <p>Beta particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) sound level threshold that triggers the need for OSHA's hearing conservation program?

    <p>85 dBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gamma rays compared to other forms of radiation?

    <p>They require denser materials like lead to be shielded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is generally perceived as the most dangerous when inhaled?

    <p>Alpha particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the practical use of X rays in medicine?

    <p>For medical imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can halt alpha rays?

    <p>Paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is permissible noise exposure time impacted when a worker is exposed to 93 dBA during an 8-hour shift?

    <p>5.2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute toxicity from chronic toxicity?

    <p>Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposures over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a route of entry for toxic substances?

    <p>Ingestion through the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as LD50?

    <p>The dosage that is fatal to 50% of exposed test animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemicals is categorized as a neurotoxin?

    <p>Lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'teratogen'?

    <p>It describes chemicals harmful to developing fetuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of brucellosis?

    <p>Joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Leptospirosis most commonly transmitted?

    <p>Via cattle or rats urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for Q fever?

    <p>Cattles, sheep, and goats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a hepatotoxin?

    <p>Adverse effects on the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions primarily targets the lungs?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Toxicology

    • Toxic substances negatively impact normal physiological function.
      • Examples include lead, mercury, alcohol, hexavalent chromium.
    • Acute toxicity involves short-term effects.
    • Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period.

    Routes of Entry

    • Ingestion: Consuming through the mouth.
    • Inhalation: Breathing in.
    • Skin absorption: Through the skin.
    • Injection: Through skin puncture or cuts.

    Dosage

    • Dosage is the amount of chemical per unit body weight.
    • Lethal Dose (LD50): The dosage causing death in 50% of test animals.
      • Units are typically mg/kg.
    • Routes of entry include ingestion, skin absorption, and injection.
    • Lethal Concentration (LC50): The concentration of a toxic chemical in air causing death in 50% of test animals.
      • Units include PPM (mg/m3).
      • Route of entry is primarily inhalation.

    Target Organ Chemicals

    • Hepatotoxins affect the liver.
      • Example: Carbon tetrachloride.
    • Neurotoxins affect the nervous system.
      • Example: Lead.

    Reproductive Toxins

    • Mutagens cause permanent DNA changes.
      • Example: Radioactive materials, benzene.
    • Teratogens harm a developing fetus, and these effects aren't passed to future generations.
      • Examples include nicotine and alcohol.
    • Ototoxins affect hearing and balance.
      • Examples include certain drugs and styrene.

    Biological Hazards (Refer Yates)

    • Learn about various infections (viral, bacterial, etc.)
    • Symptoms, transmission methods (using animals like cattle, rats, and urine as examples), and target organs (like the central nervous system (CNS) and lungs).

    Common Terms

    • Brucellosis: Bacterial infection, symptoms include fever and joint pain, transmission involves cattle, unpasteurized milk.
    • Leptospirosis: Zoonotic disease (from animals), bacterial infection, caused by Leptospira, symptoms include fever and joint pain, and transmission involves cattle or rats' urine.
    • Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs.
    • Hepatitis A and B: Viral infections.
    • Q fever: Bacterial infection.
    • Siderosis: Inhalation of metal fumes (magnesium and zinc during welding).
    • Byssinosis: Lung issues from inhaling cotton dust.
    • Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss.

    Biosafety Levels & Cabinets

    • Biosafety levels (1-4) are determined by the potential hazards.
      • Level 1: Minimal hazards.
      • Level 2: Moderate hazards.
      • Level 3: Serious hazards.
      • Level 4: Extremely serious hazards (COVID-19 is Level 4, class 3).
    • Biosafety cabinets have 3 classes: class 1 (minimal) to class 3 (maximum).

    Ventilation

    • Dilution ventilation: Mixing fresh air with contaminated air to reduce contamination levels below the occupational exposure limit (OEL).
    • Local exhaust ventilation (LEV): Removing contaminated air from the source of contamination.
      • Important part of an LEV: Hood design.
      • Use cases: Where large quantities of contaminants are generated.

    Noise

    • Any unwanted sound is noise.
    • Noise levels are measured in decibels (dBA).
    • OSHA guidelines for 8 hours of exposure are 90dBA.
    • Noise addition methods:
      • Calculate differences between noise levels.
      • Add 3dB or 2dB to appropriate noise level if difference is within 2 or 3dB
      • Add 1dB to appropriate level if difference lies between 4 and 9.
      • Just add zero to higher level if difference is more than 10dB.

    Noise Dosage Calculation

    • Calculations for total sound level using multiple readings.
    • Calculations using combined sound pressure level (Lpt) and individual sound pressure levels (Lpi).
    • Determining noise dosage (effective dosage) where C is actual exposure time and T is allowed exposure time.

    Radiation

    • Ionizing radiation: Produces ionization in matter.
      • Alpha rays (least penetrative).
      • Beta particles (more penetrative than alpha).
      • Gamma rays (very penetrative).
      • X-rays (less penetrative than gamma).

    Radiation Measurement

    • Dosimeter: Worn by individuals to measure radiation.
    • Geiger Counter: Detects and measures radiation.

    Control Measures (for Radioactive Materials)

    • Duration.
    • Distance.
    • Shielding.
    • NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) regulates exposure to radioactive materials.

    Radiation Inverse Square Law

    • For inverse square law calculation, initially measured noise level (dB0) and distance (d0) and the final distance is known (d1), use the formula dB1 = dB0 + 20 Log (d0/d1) to get final noise level (dB).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of toxicology, including types of toxins, routes of entry, and key dosage concepts. Understand the differences between acute and chronic toxicity and learn about lethal doses and concentrations. Explore the impact of various toxic substances on target organs.

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