Toxicology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is primarily caused by inhaling cotton dust?

  • Byssinosis (correct)
  • Presbycusis
  • Siderosis
  • NIHL

    • What is the primary purpose of local exhaust ventilation in a workplace?

  • Reduce humidity levels
  • Mix clean and contaminated air
  • Increase air pressure
  • Remove contaminated air from the source (correct)

    • In terms of biosafety levels, which level poses the highest potential hazards?

  • Level 2
  • Level 4 (correct)
  • Level 1
  • Level 3

    • Which of the following noise levels corresponds to the acceptable limit for 8 hours as per OSHA regulations?

    <p>90 dBA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor in the design of a local exhaust ventilation system?

    <p>Hood design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the difference in sound levels is 2 to 3 dBA, what adjustment should be made according to the noise addition rules?

    <p>Add 2 dBA to the higher value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate noise dosage for a worker exposed to various noise levels?

    <p>D = 100( t/16 + 1.5/8 + 2/4 + 1/2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilation involves the mixing of fresh air with contaminated air?

    <p>Dilution ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total sound level calculated if the readings are at 80 dBA, 85 dBA, and 90 dBA?

    <p>91.5 dBA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable exposure time for a worker at 95 dBA according to OSHA standards?

    <p>4 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the inverse square law, what would the sound level be at a distance of 50 feet if 100 dBA is measured at 10 feet?

    <p>86.020 dB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a Standard Threshold Shift (STS) according to the OSHA guidelines?

    <p>A change in hearing threshold of 10 dBA or more for 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, or 4000 Hz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is capable of penetrating human skin and is more penetrative than alpha rays?

    <p>Beta particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) sound level threshold that triggers the need for OSHA's hearing conservation program?

    <p>85 dBA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gamma rays compared to other forms of radiation?

    <p>They require denser materials like lead to be shielded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is generally perceived as the most dangerous when inhaled?

    <p>Alpha particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the practical use of X rays in medicine?

    <p>For medical imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can halt alpha rays?

    <p>Paper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is permissible noise exposure time impacted when a worker is exposed to 93 dBA during an 8-hour shift?

    <p>5.2 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute toxicity from chronic toxicity?

    <p>Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposures over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a route of entry for toxic substances?

    <p>Ingestion through the mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as LD50?

    <p>The dosage that is fatal to 50% of exposed test animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemicals is categorized as a neurotoxin?

    <p>Lead (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'teratogen'?

    <p>It describes chemicals harmful to developing fetuses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of brucellosis?

    <p>Joint pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Leptospirosis most commonly transmitted?

    <p>Via cattle or rats urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for Q fever?

    <p>Cattles, sheep, and goats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a hepatotoxin?

    <p>Adverse effects on the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions primarily targets the lungs?

    <p>Tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Toxic Substance

    Substances that can harm normal human physiological function. Examples include lead, mercury, alcohol, and hexavalent chromium.

    Acute Toxicity

    Toxicity that occurs after a short period of exposure to the toxic substance.

    Chronic Toxicity

    Toxicity that develops over a longer period of time due to repeated exposures to a toxic substance.

    Dosage

    The amount of a chemical administered per unit of body weight. It measures how much of a substance is introduced into the body.

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    Lethal Dose (LD50)

    The dosage of a toxic chemical that causes death in 50% of test animals. It's measured in mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram of body weight).

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    Lethal Concentration (LC50)

    The concentration of a toxic chemical in the air that kills 50% of test animals. It's measured in PPM (parts per million) or mg/m3 (milligrams per cubic meter).

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    Hepatotoxins

    Chemicals that affect the liver. An example is carbon tetrachloride.

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    Neurotoxins

    Chemicals that impact the nervous system. Lead is a well-known example.

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    Mutagens

    Chemicals that cause permanent changes to DNA. Examples include radioactive materials and benzene.

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    Teratogens

    Chemicals that cause damage to a developing fetus, but don't affect future generations. Examples include nicotine, alcohol, and drugs.

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    Permissible Noise Exposure Time

    The time a worker can be exposed to a specific noise level without exceeding OSHA limits. Example: 90 dBA for 8 hours.

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    Inverse Square Law

    A formula used to calculate the change in sound pressure level based on distance from the noise source.

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    Outer Ear

    The outermost part of the ear, responsible for collecting sound waves.

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    Middle Ear

    The middle part of the ear that amplifies sound waves and transmits them to the inner ear.

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    Inner Ear

    The innermost part of the ear, responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain interprets.

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    OSHA Hearing Conservation Program

    A hearing conservation program required by OSHA when noise levels exceed 85 dBA for an 8-hour TWA or the dose reaches 50% or more.

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    Standard Threshold Shift (STS)

    A measurable change in hearing threshold compared to a baseline audiogram. It's considered a recordable injury.

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    Ionizing Radiation

    A type of radiation that has enough energy to ionize atoms, potentially causing damage to living tissues.

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    Non-ionizing Radiation

    A type of radiation that does not have enough energy to ionize atoms and is generally considered less harmful.

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    Alpha Radiation

    The most dangerous type of ionizing radiation when inhaled as it can cause significant damage to sensitive tissue.

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    Byssinosis

    A lung disease caused by inhaling cotton dust, leading to breathing problems.

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    Presbycusis

    Age-related hearing loss that gradually worsens over time.

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    Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)

    Hearing loss caused by exposure to loud noises. This can be temporary or permanent.

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    Biosafety Level

    The level of biohazard protection needed for handling biological agents. There are four levels, with Level 1 being the lowest and Level 4 being the highest.

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    Biosafety Cabinet

    A type of cabinet designed to protect researchers and the environment from hazardous materials. There are three classes, with Class 1 providing the least protection and Class 3 providing the most.

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    Dilution Ventilation

    A ventilation system that dilutes contaminated air with fresh air, reducing the concentration of harmful substances to a safe level.

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    Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

    A ventilation system that removes contaminated air directly from the source of generation, preventing it from spreading.

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    Air Changes Per Hour (ACH)

    The number of times the air volume in a space is replaced with fresh air in one hour. It's a measure of air exchange rate and is calculated by dividing the flow rate by the volume.

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    Noise

    Any unwanted sound that can be annoying, disruptive, or even dangerous.

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    Decibel (dB)

    A logarithmic scale used to measure sound intensity, where a 10 dB increase represents a tenfold increase in sound pressure level.

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    Study Notes

    Toxicology

    • Toxic substances negatively impact normal physiological function.
      • Examples include lead, mercury, alcohol, hexavalent chromium.
    • Acute toxicity involves short-term effects.
    • Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period.

    Routes of Entry

    • Ingestion: Consuming through the mouth.
    • Inhalation: Breathing in.
    • Skin absorption: Through the skin.
    • Injection: Through skin puncture or cuts.

    Dosage

    • Dosage is the amount of chemical per unit body weight.
    • Lethal Dose (LD50): The dosage causing death in 50% of test animals.
      • Units are typically mg/kg.
    • Routes of entry include ingestion, skin absorption, and injection.
    • Lethal Concentration (LC50): The concentration of a toxic chemical in air causing death in 50% of test animals.
      • Units include PPM (mg/m3).
      • Route of entry is primarily inhalation.

    Target Organ Chemicals

    • Hepatotoxins affect the liver.
      • Example: Carbon tetrachloride.
    • Neurotoxins affect the nervous system.
      • Example: Lead.

    Reproductive Toxins

    • Mutagens cause permanent DNA changes.
      • Example: Radioactive materials, benzene.
    • Teratogens harm a developing fetus, and these effects aren't passed to future generations.
      • Examples include nicotine and alcohol.
    • Ototoxins affect hearing and balance.
      • Examples include certain drugs and styrene.

    Biological Hazards (Refer Yates)

    • Learn about various infections (viral, bacterial, etc.)
    • Symptoms, transmission methods (using animals like cattle, rats, and urine as examples), and target organs (like the central nervous system (CNS) and lungs).

    Common Terms

    • Brucellosis: Bacterial infection, symptoms include fever and joint pain, transmission involves cattle, unpasteurized milk.
    • Leptospirosis: Zoonotic disease (from animals), bacterial infection, caused by Leptospira, symptoms include fever and joint pain, and transmission involves cattle or rats' urine.
    • Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs.
    • Hepatitis A and B: Viral infections.
    • Q fever: Bacterial infection.
    • Siderosis: Inhalation of metal fumes (magnesium and zinc during welding).
    • Byssinosis: Lung issues from inhaling cotton dust.
    • Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss.

    Biosafety Levels & Cabinets

    • Biosafety levels (1-4) are determined by the potential hazards.
      • Level 1: Minimal hazards.
      • Level 2: Moderate hazards.
      • Level 3: Serious hazards.
      • Level 4: Extremely serious hazards (COVID-19 is Level 4, class 3).
    • Biosafety cabinets have 3 classes: class 1 (minimal) to class 3 (maximum).

    Ventilation

    • Dilution ventilation: Mixing fresh air with contaminated air to reduce contamination levels below the occupational exposure limit (OEL).
    • Local exhaust ventilation (LEV): Removing contaminated air from the source of contamination.
      • Important part of an LEV: Hood design.
      • Use cases: Where large quantities of contaminants are generated.

    Noise

    • Any unwanted sound is noise.
    • Noise levels are measured in decibels (dBA).
    • OSHA guidelines for 8 hours of exposure are 90dBA.
    • Noise addition methods:
      • Calculate differences between noise levels.
      • Add 3dB or 2dB to appropriate noise level if difference is within 2 or 3dB
      • Add 1dB to appropriate level if difference lies between 4 and 9.
      • Just add zero to higher level if difference is more than 10dB.

    Noise Dosage Calculation

    • Calculations for total sound level using multiple readings.
    • Calculations using combined sound pressure level (Lpt) and individual sound pressure levels (Lpi).
    • Determining noise dosage (effective dosage) where C is actual exposure time and T is allowed exposure time.

    Radiation

    • Ionizing radiation: Produces ionization in matter.
      • Alpha rays (least penetrative).
      • Beta particles (more penetrative than alpha).
      • Gamma rays (very penetrative).
      • X-rays (less penetrative than gamma).

    Radiation Measurement

    • Dosimeter: Worn by individuals to measure radiation.
    • Geiger Counter: Detects and measures radiation.

    Control Measures (for Radioactive Materials)

    • Duration.
    • Distance.
    • Shielding.
    • NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) regulates exposure to radioactive materials.

    Radiation Inverse Square Law

    • For inverse square law calculation, initially measured noise level (dB0) and distance (d0) and the final distance is known (d1), use the formula dB1 = dB0 + 20 Log (d0/d1) to get final noise level (dB).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of toxicology, including types of toxins, routes of entry, and key dosage concepts. Understand the differences between acute and chronic toxicity and learn about lethal doses and concentrations. Explore the impact of various toxic substances on target organs.

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