Toxicology and Epidemiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus?

Meniere's disease (correct)

Siderosis

Toxicity

Bacterial infection

What do Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) represent?

Conditions safe for nearly all workers over a lifetime (correct)

Maximum allowable concentration of toxins in the environment

Guidelines for non-governmental organizations

The legal limits for exposure to airborne substances

Which of the following is true about antibodies?

They are proteins produced in response to antigens. (correct)

They are produced by all cells in the body.

They are a type of enzyme that breaks down foreign substances.

They have a cell wall structure.

What is a primary concern regarding physical hazards in the workplace?

They may have immediate or cumulative health effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a virus?

It is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that requires a host to reproduce. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the immediate, noticeable response of the body to exposure to hazardous substances?

Acute effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the route of entry for a substance that is inhaled?

Enters through the nose or mouth into the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect called when damage occurs at a site other than where a hazardous substance was initially contacted?

Systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

What does the latency period refer to in toxicological studies?

The time between exposure and the first sign of disease Signup and view all the answers

Atopic dermatitis is commonly known as what condition?

Eczema Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason substances can enter the body through absorption?

The presence of lacerations or abrasions increases permeability Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is NOT part of the main structure in the absorption process?

Subcutaneous fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blast gates in duct systems?

To balance airflow in ducts of different sizes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a qualitative method for measuring local exhaust ventilation (LEV)?

Visual inspection Signup and view all the answers

What does a Reynolds number greater than 4000 indicate in fluid dynamics?

Fully turbulent flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding isokinetic sampling?

It ensures particles are collected at the same velocity as the air stream. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an electrostatic precipitator?

To charge particles and collect them on oppositely charged plates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling pump would you use to collect respirable airborne particulate matter?

A pump equipped with a cyclone Signup and view all the answers

What efficiency equation represents the effectiveness of an electrostatic precipitator?

Efficiency = (Mass removed / Mass entering) x 100 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychosomatic response in the workplace?

Feeling sick due to job stress Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of baghouses in air pollution control?

They require frequent cleaning to maintain pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar concentration of a substance if its mole is calculated as 0.43 for a volume of 0.5 liters?

0.87 mol/l Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a combined PPM of 0.9 for a gas mixture containing acetone and MEK?

It is below the acceptable limit. Signup and view all the answers

During which seasons are Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections most likely to occur?

Summer and Fall Signup and view all the answers

In which type of symbiotic relationship does one species benefit while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a chemical hygiene plan in a laboratory setting?

To protect workers from hazardous chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What safety measure should be taken when handling contaminated sharps?

Dispose of without bending or recapping. Signup and view all the answers

What does biological monitoring assess in terms of toxic substances?

Absorption levels in body systems. Signup and view all the answers

What does carburizing refer to in terms of materials treatment?

Hardening through carbon absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Vibrio bacteria?

It is oxidase positive. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biological monitoring results are excluded from assessing toxic substances?

Results that evaluate biological effects. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampler is used to collect airborne particulate matter?

Sampling pump with an impactor Signup and view all the answers

Which device is utilized to measure semi-volatile air concentrations?

Denuder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a PID in air sampling?

To ionize molecules using ultraviolet light Signup and view all the answers

Which method provides real-time results for measuring air quality?

Photometer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a charcoal tube in air sampling?

To absorb gases and vapors Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for maintaining the integrity of water samples received by the lab?

Proper logging and chain of custody assurance Signup and view all the answers

Which sampler is primarily used for collecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

Sampling pump with a charcoal tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of analytical sensitivity in air sampling?

To decide the required sample volume Signup and view all the answers

Which device would typically be used throughout the day to sample carbon monoxide (CO) from an individual's breathing zone?

Detector tube Signup and view all the answers

How are results from the use of an impinger typically provided?

After analysis in the lab Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Toxicology- Epidemiology

Routes of Entry: Inhalation, ingestion, and absorption. Substances enter the body via the digestive system (ingestion), the lungs (inhalation), or through the skin (absorption).
Ingestion: Substances are swallowed and enter the digestive system.
Absorption: Substances can enter the bloodstream through the skin, especially with lacerations or abrasions.
Inhalation: Air enters the body via nose or mouth reaching the alveoli.
Local effects: Damage occurs at the site of contact with a substance (e.g., a burn).
Systemic effects: Damage occurs at a different target organ other than the point of contact (e.g., lead fumes on the brain).
Acute effects: Immediate and obvious reactions (e.g., headache, nausea). These are generally reversible.
Chronic effects: Reactions that occur over a long period (e.g., 20-30 years), and are often irreversible.
Latency period: The time between exposure and the first sign of disease.
Atopic dermatitis: A skin condition characterized by inflammation and tendency to run in families.
Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin caused by irritants or allergens.

Immunisation

Immunisation: A process of introducing a weakened form of a disease causing bacteria to a person to build up immunity to the disease.

LC50 and LD50

LC50: The inhaled concentration sufficient to kill 50% of a test population in a fixed time period (usually 4 hours). Usually ml/Kg or mg/L.
LD50: The administered oral or dermal dose to a test population that is sufficient to cause death in 50% of the population. Usually in mg/Kg

Dust types

Inhalable dust: Particle size >100 μm.
Thoracic dust: Particle size <100 μm.
Respirable dust: Particle size <10 μm, able to reach the lower parts of the lungs during normal breathing.
NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level): The highest observed point on the exposure response curve where there was no adverse health effect observed.
LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level): The lowest observed point on the exposure response curve where some adverse effect is noted.

Other

Additive Effect: The combined effect of chemicals is equal to the sum of each chemical acting independently (e.g., 2 + 2 = 4).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the routes of entry of toxic substances, their local and systemic effects, and the differences between acute and chronic responses. This quiz covers essential concepts in toxicology and the impact on human health. Ideal for students and professionals in environmental health and safety.