16 Questions
Which category of toxic effects is formed by drugs and is usually similar to the therapeutic effects of the drug?
Simple toxic effects
Which type of simple toxic effects is related to the excess dose or excess sensitivity of the patient, causing functional or pharmacodynamic toxic effects?
Related toxic effects
What is the category of toxic effects related to abnormal levels of routine biochemical tests such as ALT, AST, and creatine kinase?
Biochemical toxic effects
Which type of simple toxic effects is related to lesion or damage formed in cells or subcellular structures?
Structural toxic effects
What are structural toxic effects usually dependent on, other than drugs themselves?
Reactive metabolites and free oxygen radicals
Which subgroup of xenobiotic-induced toxic effects includes idiosyncrasy and genetic difference-related reactions?
Simple toxic effects
Which enzyme plays a role in transforming oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione?
GSH-transferase
Which organ experiences the formation of most toxic and oxygen radicals due to the occurrence of most enzymatic reactions?
Liver
Which substance is taken exogenously as an antidote to accelerate the transformation of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione?
N-acetylcysteine
Which type of cell damage involves the disruption of energy metabolism in mitochondria?
Disruption of energy metabolism (mitochondria) of the cell
Which test is used for the examination and scanning of chemical factors in the aspect of mutagenic effect?
Ames test
What are the main mutagenic substances mentioned in the text?
Nitrofurantoin derivatives
Which type of carcinogenic factors are affected on DNA and RNA?
Genotoxic factors
What is the term used for substances affected on membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles in terms of carcinogenic factors?
Oncogenic factors
What is the term for hereditary changes caused by chemical substances or their metabolites?
Mutagenic effects
What type of substances usually have mutagenic effects and are often procarcinogenic?
Genotoxic substances
Study Notes
Toxic Effects of Drugs
- Augmented response: a category of toxic effects formed by drugs, usually similar to the therapeutic effects of the drug.
- Pharmacodynamic toxic effects: a type of simple toxic effects related to excess dose or excess sensitivity of the patient, causing functional or pharmacodynamic toxic effects.
Biochemical Toxic Effects
- Biochemical toxic effects: a category of toxic effects related to abnormal levels of routine biochemical tests such as ALT, AST, and creatine kinase.
Cellular Toxic Effects
- Cytotoxic toxic effects: a type of simple toxic effects related to lesion or damage formed in cells or subcellular structures.
- Structural toxic effects: usually dependent on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility, other than the drugs themselves.
Xenobiotic-Induced Toxic Effects
- Idiosyncratic reactions: a subgroup of xenobiotic-induced toxic effects that includes reactions related to genetic differences.
Antioxidant System
- Glutathione reductase: the enzyme that plays a role in transforming oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione.
- Liver: the organ that experiences the formation of most toxic and oxygen radicals due to the occurrence of most enzymatic reactions.
- N-Acetylcysteine: the substance taken exogenously as an antidote to accelerate the transformation of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione.
Cell Damage
- Mitochondrial toxicity: a type of cell damage that involves the disruption of energy metabolism in mitochondria.
Mutagenic Effects
- Ames test: a test used for the examination and scanning of chemical factors in the aspect of mutagenic effects.
- Main mutagenic substances: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and alkylating agents.
- Genotoxic carcinogens: a type of carcinogenic factors that affect DNA and RNA.
- Non-genotoxic carcinogens: a term used for substances that affect membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles in terms of carcinogenic factors.
- Mutagenesis: the term for hereditary changes caused by chemical substances or their metabolites.
- Procarcinogens: substances that usually have mutagenic effects and are often procarcinogenic.
Test your knowledge on the toxic effects caused by xenobiotics on humans and drugs. Explore the classification of toxic effects into subgroups based on their basic characteristics and mechanisms of action.
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