9 Questions
Septecemia is caused by the presence of highly virulent bacteria in the blood accompanied by severe toxemia.
True
Acute toxemia can cause acute renal failure and acute heart failure.
True
Pyemia is a condition in which multiple large abscesses form in various organs as a result of impaction of septic emboli.
False
Tubercles are formed by chronic inflammatory cells, central caseous necrosis, active macrophages-epithelioid cells, outer layer of lymphocytes, and fibroblasts only.
False
The primary complex of tuberculosis infection consists of a pulmonary component, lymphatic component, and liver component.
False
Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that frequently involves the cervical groups of lymph nodes.
True
What is the difference between definitive and intermediate hosts?
Definitive hosts harbor sexually reproducing stage of parasite, while intermediate hosts harbor asexually reproducing stage of parasite
What is the difference between commensalism and parasitism?
Commensalism benefits from another organism without causing harm or benefit to it, while parasitism gains food and shelter at the expense of another organism
What is the difference between endoparasite and ectoparasite?
Endoparasite lives inside the body of the host, while ectoparasite lives on the body surface of the host
Study Notes
Tuberculosis Infection and Tubercle Formation
- Tubercles are formed by chronic inflammatory cells, central caseous necrosis, active macrophages-epithelioid cells, outer layer of lymphocytes and fibroblasts, and Langhans giant cells.
- Primary tuberculosis infection is caused by inhalation of mycobacterium and results in the formation of caseous granuloma and primary complex (Ghon's complex).
- The primary complex consists of a pulmonary component (Ghon's focus), lymphatic component, and lymph node component.
- The pulmonary component is a sub-pleural lesion in the lower segment and middle lobes of the lung that shows tuberculous granuloma with caseous necrosis.
- The lymphatic component contains phagocytes with M tuberculosis bacilli, while the lymph node component consists of enlarged hilar and tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes that show tuberculous granulomas, caseation necrosis, and fibrosis.
- Fate of primary complex includes fibrosis and calcifications, progressive primary tuberculosis pneumonia, and pleural effusion.
- Intestinal primary infection results in a similar primary complex to that of the lungs, with the commonest location for the primary lesion being the illocaecal region with local mesenteric node involvement.
- Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that frequently involves the cervical groups of lymph nodes with enlargement, periadenitis, matting, and eventual ulcerations if left untreated.
- Secondary tuberculosis infection occurs in an individual who has been previously infected or sensitized and can be acquired from various sources.
- Tuberculosis infection can affect the skin in various forms.
- Tubercle formation involves neutrophils and macrophages engulfing bacilli, macrophages dying and liberating bacilli, and other macrophages retaking the bacilli.
- Tubercle formation also involves the activation and transformation of macrophages to epitheloid cells, fusion of epitheloid cells, and formation of Langhan's giant cells with a horse shoe arrangement of nuclei.
Test your knowledge on toxemia and septicemia with this informative quiz. Learn about the different types of toxemia, their effects on the body, and the causes and symptoms of septicemia. This quiz includes keywords such as acute and chronic toxemia, fever, renal failure, heart failure, bone marrow depression, and prolonged low grade fever. See how much you know about these important medical conditions.
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