Tourism and Hospitality: A Macro Perspective

• The presentation is a review of the macro perspective of tourism and hospitality

Learning Objectives

• Define tourism and hospitality
• Explain Leiper’s Tourism System Model
• Explain theories and models relevant to the explanation of tourism motivation and behavior

Tourism

• Tourism includes the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment.
• It should not be for more than one consecutive year.
• Tourism should be for leisure, business, or other purposes.
• It must be unrelated to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

Components of the Definition of Tourism

• Activities and experiences during travel and stay.
• Resources and facilities.
• Tourists and tourism stakeholders.
• Destination, which should be outside the usual environment.
• Non-permanent stay.
• Leisure, business, and other purposes.
• Movement to travel to and stay

Hospitality

• Hospitality is the act of kindness in welcoming and looking after the basic needs of guests or strangers.
• These needs are mainly in relation to food, drink, and accommodation.
• The word "hospitality" comes from the Latin word “hospitare,” meaning "to receive as a guest".
• It also comes from the old French word "hospice," meaning "to provide care/shelter for travelers."

Hospitality Industry

• The hospitality industry includes companies or organizations, which provide food, drink, and accommodation to people who are away from home.

Tourism Systems

• Tourism System is a group of interrelated, interdependent, and interacting elements that together form a single functional structure

Tourism System Models

• Leiper’s Basic Whole Tourism System:
  • Key elements include a tourist-generating region, transit route region, tourist destination region.
  • Also includes at least one tourist, and a tourism industry.

Tourist Generating Region (TGR)

• Tourist Generating Region is where trips begin, and where people, who are tourists, start their journey.
• It represents the generating market for tourism, stimulating and motivating travel.
• It is from here that tourists search for information, make bookings, and depart.

Transit Route Region (TR)

• Transit Route Region is an intermediate zone
• It is where the principal travel activity of tourism occurs
• This region is distinct from visit activity in destinations.
• Includes intermediate places, which may be visited "en route”.

Tourist Destination Region (TDR)

• In the Tourist Destination Region, the full impact of tourism is felt.
• This is where planning and management strategies are implemented.
• The desire to visit destinations energizes the whole tourism system and creates demand for travel in the generating region.

Travel and Tourism Industry

• It includes the sum of the industrial and commercial activities that produce goods and services wholly or mainly for tourist consumption.
• Main sectors are Accommodation, Transport, Travel Organizers, Attraction, and Destination organization
• Other sectors include food service, other tourists' facilities and services.

Tourist Motivation

• Motivation stimulates interest or causes a person to act in a certain way.
• Motivation Models
  • Crompton: Push-Pull Model
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Crompton’s Push-Pull Model

• The model emphasizes that the choice of a tourist destination is driven by two forces: push and pull.
• The push force drives a tourist away from home, while the pull force is a region-specific lure that attracts a tourist toward a destination.

Motivations for Travel

• ‘Push’ factors are perceived negative factors about the context in which the potential tourist currently finds themselves.
  • These factors are internal to an individual and can include a desire for escape, rest, relaxation, prestige, adventure, social interaction, exploration, evaluation of self, and enhancement of kinship relationships.
• 'Pull' factors are perceived positive factors of a potential or real destination.
  • These factors are aroused by the destination.
  • Pull factors emerge from the attractiveness of a destination, including beaches, recreation facilities, and cultural attractions.
  • Examples are the ease of access, scenic beauty and budget.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• This theory explains that humans meet basic needs, and then seek to satisfy successively higher needs that occupy a set hierarchy
• Physiological: Easily accessible food outlets in theme parks.
• Safety: Cruise ships providing medical facilities as part of their standard services
• Belongingness: Group tours of people with similar interests.
• Esteem: Elite status in frequent-user programs such as gold, silver, or bronze
• Self-actualization: Learning the language and culture before traveling to another country

Tourist Typology

• Plog's Psychocentric-Allocentric Model
• Cohen’s Tourist Typology

Stanley Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric Model

• Stanley Plog classified tourists along a continuum with allocentrics on one end and psychocentrics on the other end.
• Allocentrics seek adventure, while psychocentrics seek the comfort of familiar surroundings in their tourism experiences.

Cohen’s Tourist Typology

• Eric Cohen categorized tourist into:
  • Organized mass tourist
  • Individual mass tourist
  • Explorer
  • Drifter
• Cohen’s model is similar to Plog's model wherein psychocentrics are further divided into organized and individualized tourists.
• Allocentrics are divided into explores and drifters.
• Organized Mass Tourist
  • package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided organizers making the travel decisions
  • Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum
• Individual Mass Tourist
  • Tour not entirely planned by others
  • Tourists who have some control over his/her itinerary and time allocations
  • Major arrangements made through travel intermediary
  • Tourist remaining largely within the environmental bubble of home country ways and mixing little with locals
  • Dominant familiarity
• The Explorer
  • Tourist usually planning his/her own trips and trying to avoid developed tourist attractions
  • Desire to mix with locals but still protected within the environmental bubble.
  • Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals
• The Drifter
  • Tourist plan their trip alone
  • Tourists avoid tourist attractions and live with the locals
  • Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its shelter, food and habits
  • Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears.