Tour Guiding: Historical Overview

In ancient Greece, guides known as '______' or 'exegetai' fulfilled roles as leaders and explainers for travelers.

During the Middle Ages, guides served as not only pathfinders but also as '______', ensuring the safety of travelers in a time of instability.

According to historian Casson, guides in the Middle Ages commanded substantial fees due to their responsibility in leading the way and fostering safe '______' for travelers.

The '______', a structured itinerary through countries, became popular among upper-class British men during the Renaissance era.

A 'Grand Tourist' was expected to return from his travels with self-______ and a refined manner.

A 'cicerone' was expected to be articulate, multilingual, and well-versed in many subjects including history, literature, architecture and current events; acting as a cultural '______' to travelers.

The decline in trade and travel desire during the Dark Ages was largely attributed to the fall of the '______'.

Herodotus, recognized as 'the first travel writer,' critically noted that some guides tended to recite dates, dialogues, and details with excessive '______'.

Tour guiding as a profession can be traced back to ancient times, with references found in historical records spanning from the '______' to the Renaissance and beyond.

During the Middle Ages, the necessity of ensuring safe '______' led to guides being tasked with constructing bridges and providing security escorts for travelers.

According to Vicesimus Knox, the ideal tutor in education would be a grave, respectable man of mature age who would oversee the ______ and religion of his pupils.

The vetturino, a driver in Italy, originally ensured tourist safety by negotiating with ______ robbers for safe passage through certain routes.

In contrast to later pleasure travelers, early travelers to the New World during the 18th and 19th centuries were often ______ seeking new opportunities.

While European writers like Charles Dickens and Alexis de Tocqueville meticulously documented their New World travels, they seldom referenced the presence or assistance of ______.

Prior to the 12th century, formal guide training programs were virtually nonexistent, except for the internal training provided by agencies such as the ______ Cook Travel Agency.

The city of ______ was one of the first to implement regulations and training programs for tour guides, addressing competitive and aggressive behavior among them.

The opening of a training course for guides by the London Country Council and the Regent Street Polytechnic in 1936-1939 was in direct response to the ______, aggressive approach by tour guides.

European guides are generally esteemed for possessing ______ training and maintaining elevated guiding standards compared to other regions.

Despite recognizing its importance, the pursuit of standardization and training in tour guiding faces ongoing challenges in fully establishing it as a universally ______ profession.

In Melbourne, Derbyshire, England, ______ Cook laid the foundation for the modern tourist industry with the establishment of his travel agency.