Total RBC Count and Normal Values
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  • To assist in clotting
  • To fight infections
  • To carry oxygen (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • What percentage of blood volume do red blood cells constitute?

  • 40%
  • 45% (correct)
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • What is a common characteristic of red blood cells that distinguishes them from other cells?

  • Packed with hemoglobin (correct)
  • Presence of a nucleus
  • Ability to replicate
  • High metabolism rate
  • Which factor can lead to a low red blood cell count?

    <p>Iron deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the RBC count vary between genders?

    <p>Women usually have a lower RBC count than men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could a decreased RBC count during pregnancy indicate?

    <p>Normal physiological change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do children show normal RBC count values?

    <p>3.8 - 5.5 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a complete blood count (CBC) help diagnose?

    <p>Blood-related conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following health conditions can lead to a high RBC count?

    <p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a haemocytometer?

    <p>To count cells in a fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the haemocytometer grid allows for accurate volume measurements?

    <p>Raised edges holding the coverslip (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate volume of an RBC diluting fluid required for a hemocytometer analysis?

    <p>1 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in Haeyem’s solution acts as an antiseptic?

    <p>Mercuric Chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific structure can lead to a high RBC count due to a health condition present at birth?

    <p>Congenital heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason a high RBC count could be observed over several weeks?

    <p>Living at a higher altitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Improved Neubauer ruled Haemocytometer?

    <p>Engraved with random lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using the RBC diluting fluid with the blood sample?

    <p>To achieve a specific dilution ratio for counting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT part of preparing the blood sample for counting?

    <p>Heating the blood sample to increase fluidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angle at which the RBC pipette should be held when loading the sample into the Haemocytometer?

    <p>45 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the prepared RBC slide be allowed to settle before observation under the microscope?

    <p>3-5 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When focusing on the Haemocytometer slide, which objective lens should initially be used?

    <p>10X objective lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas on the Haemocytometer slide should NOT have RBCs counted?

    <p>Upper right corner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using a sterile disposable lancet during blood sampling?

    <p>To prevent contamination and infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the areas to count red blood cells in the Haemocytometer?

    <p>Green lines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Haemocytometer

    A device used to count cells in a specific volume of fluid, typically blood.

    Neubauer counting chamber

    A gridded chamber on a microscope slide used for cell counting, often with a Neubauer design.

    High RBC Count

    A medical condition marked by an abnormally high number of red blood cells in the blood.

    RBC Diluting Fluid

    A solution used to dilute blood samples for counting red blood cells.

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    Haeyem's solution

    A type of RBC diluting fluid that contains sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and mercuric chloride.

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    Hypoxia

    A condition where the blood carries less oxygen than it should.

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    Pulmonary Fibrosis

    A lung condition where the lung tissue becomes scarred.

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    Congenital Heart Disease

    A heart condition present at birth.

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    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body. They are a key component of blood and their count is crucial for overall health.

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    RBC Count

    A blood test that measures the number of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood.

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    Hemoglobin

    An iron-containing protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

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    Anemia

    A condition where the number of red blood cells is lower than normal, leading to insufficient oxygen transport.

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    Hematocrit

    The volume of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood, usually expressed as a percentage.

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    Enumeration of Total Number of Red Blood Cells

    The process of determining the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood.

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    Full Blood Count (FBC) or Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    A blood test that measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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    RBC Diluting Solution

    A solution used to dilute blood before counting red blood cells (RBCs) with a hemocytometer. It is usually a 1:200 dilution, meaning 1 part blood to 200 parts diluent.

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    RBC Pipette

    A specialized pipette designed to accurately measure and mix a specific volume of blood with a pre-determined volume of diluting fluid. It usually has two marks, one for the blood sample (0.5 mark) and one for the diluent (101 mark).

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    Hemocytometer Slide

    A microscopic slide with a grid etched onto its surface. It has precisely defined chambers for counting cells, allowing for accurate enumeration of red blood cells.

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    Hemolysis

    The process of mixing the blood sample with the diluent in the RBC pipette. This ensures complete hemolysis (destruction) of white blood cells (WBCs) and prevents them from being counted as RBCs.

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    RBC Counting

    The process of observing the Hemocytometer slide under a microscope to manually count the number of red blood cells within a specific area of the grid.

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    Central Square

    The specific region on the Hemocytometer slide where the red blood cell count is performed. It usually consists of five medium squares within a larger central square.

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    Magnification for RBC Counting

    The magnification used to count the number of red blood cells in the Hemocytometer slide. It usually involves the use of the 40X objective lens on a microscope.

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    Mixing Blood and Diluent

    The process of carefully mixing the blood and diluent in the RBC pipette by rotating it horizontally using the palms. This ensure a homogenous mixture and complete hemolysis.

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    Study Notes

    Total RBC Count

    • A red blood cell (RBC) count is a blood test measuring the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body.
    • RBCs make up approximately 45% of blood volume.
    • RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells.
    • RBCs contain hemoglobin, a protein-iron compound that captures oxygen in the lungs, giving blood its red color.
    • RBCs lack a nucleus, unlike other cells.
    • The amount of oxygen delivered to tissues depends on the number of RBCs and their function.
    • RBC counts are part of full blood cell counts (FBC) or complete blood counts (CBC).
    • Women typically have lower RBC counts than men; counts decrease with age.

    Normal RBC Values

    • Normal RBC values vary by age:
      • Newborn: 4.8-7.2 million/µL
      • Adult males: 4.9-5.5 million/µL
      • Adult females: 4.4-5.0 million/µL
      • Pregnancy: slightly lower than normal adult values
      • Children: 3.8-5.5 million/µL

    Low RBC Count Causes

    • Iron deficiency anemia (low RBC count)
    • Vitamin B6, B12, or folate deficiency
    • Internal bleeding
    • Kidney disease
    • Malnutrition

    High RBC Count Causes

    • Smoking
    • Congenital heart disease
    • Dehydration (severe diarrhea)
    • Low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia)
    • Pulmonary fibrosis
    • Congenital heart defects
    • High altitude

    Hemocytometer

    • A hemocytometer (or improved Neubauer) is a microscope slide with a grid for counting cells.
    • The grid has precisely defined dimensions for accurate cell counts in a specific volume.
    • Invented by Louis-Charles Malassez.
    • The grid's area and depth are precisely known.
    • This allows counting cells in a specific volume of fluid, and thus determining cell concentration.
    • A common type is the Neubauer counting chamber.
    • The grid is divided into smaller squares.

    Hemocytometer Grid Specifications

    • The grid area of the Improved Neubauer is 9 squares (1 mm x 1 mm).
    • Each square is subdivided into smaller squares of different sizes, including - 0.25 x 0.25 mm (0.0625mm2) - 0.25 x 0.20 mm (0.05mm2) - 0.20 x 0.20 mm (0.04mm2) - 0.05 x 0.05 mm (0.0025mm2)
    • Each square has a set volume at a specific depth (e.g., 0.1 mm)

    RBC Enumeration Materials

    • Hemocytometer chamber
    • Cover slip
    • Light microscope
    • Pipette for RBCs
    • RBC diluting fluid (e.g., Hayem's solution or 0.85% saline)

    Hayem's Solution Details

    • Composition: Sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and mercuric chloride
    • Sodium chloride (NaCl): 1 gram
    • Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4): 5 grams
    • Mercuric chloride (HgCl2): 0.5 gram
    • Distilled water (dH20): 200 mL
    • Used to dilute blood prior to counting.

    Taking Blood Sample

    • Wipe the ring finger with 70% alcohol and allow to dry.
    • Sterile disposable lancet creates a small prick.
    • Collect a reasonable-sized blood drop.
    • Apply the red blood cell pipette's tip to the drop.
    • Aspirate blood to the 0.5 mark.

    Sample Preparation using RBC Pipette

    • Wipe RBC pipette tip with blotting paper to remove blood.
    • Draw up RBC diluent to the 101 mark.
    • Mix blood and diluent in the pipette by rotating it.
    • Rotate for 2-3 minutes to ensure complete hemolysis of white blood cells.

    Loading Sample onto Hemocytometer

    • A clean, grease-free hemocytometer and cover glass are used.
    • The cover glass is placed on top of the hemocytometer's grid.
    • Discard one or two drops of the blood/diluent mixture.
    • Load a small drop of mixed blood and diluent onto the edge of the cover glass.
    • Let the sample settle for 3–5 minutes.
    • Examine the slide under the microscope.

    Counting RBCs Under Microscope

    • Focus on hemocytometer rulings using 10x objective.
    • Use coarse and fine adjustments to focus 5 squares on the large central square at 40x objective magnification.
    • Each large square contains 16 smaller squares.
    • Manually count RBCs in 5 medium squares (80 squares total)
    • The diagram shows red lines not to count and green lines specifying the areas to count.

    Calculating Total RBC Count

    • Formula for total RBC count per microliter (µL): Number of RBCs counted x Dilution factor / Area  x Depth

    • Using example,

      • The dilution factor is 1:200 or 200
      • The area of 5 squares out of 25 squares in a large square is 1/5 mm2 or 0.2 mm
      • Depth of sample = 0.1 mm
    • Total RBCs/µL = Number of RBCs x 200 / 1/5 x 0.1 mm = N x 10,000 cells/µL

    • An example calculation assuming 486 RBCs are counted in 5 squares:

    • 486 x 10,000 = 48,60,000 cells/µL

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    Total RBC Count PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of red blood cell (RBC) counts, including their function, normal values by age, and causes of low RBC counts. Gain an understanding of how RBCs transport oxygen and the variations in counts among different populations. Test your knowledge on the significance of RBCs in blood health.

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