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Questions and Answers
What type of virus is Cytomegalovirus?
What is the classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis in the fetus?
How is Toxoplasma gondii commonly transmitted to humans?
What is the name of the virus that causes chickenpox and herpes zoster?
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What is the effect of Parvovirus B19 on the fetus?
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What is the name of the disease caused by Treponema pallidum?
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What is the treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?
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How is Congenital Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) primarily transmitted to the fetus?
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What is the name of the virus that causes rubella?
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What is the effect of Cytomegalovirus on the fetus?
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What is the primary cause of congenital deafness in babies with congenital CMV infection?
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What is the term used to describe the skin lesions observed in babies with congenital rubella syndrome?
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What is the typical location of intracranial calcifications in congenital CMV infection?
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What is the primary site of hematopoiesis in utero?
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What is the term used to describe the characteristic blue-gray appearance of the skin in congenital rubella syndrome?
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What is the primary diagnostic test for congenital rubella syndrome?
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What is the typical treatment for congenital rubella syndrome?
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What is the primary cause of congenital sensorineural deafness in babies with congenital rubella syndrome?
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What is the primary diagnostic test for congenital CMV infection?
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What is the primary treatment for congenital CMV infection?
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Study Notes
TORCH Infections Overview
- Group of infections transmitted from mother to fetus, potentially causing fetal abnormalities, miscarriage, or stillbirth.
- Includes Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Toxoplasmosis
- Caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan commonly found in cats.
- Infection occurs through ingestion of oocysts from contaminated soil or undercooked meat.
- Transmission methods include contaminated food, water, and cat feces; also through organ transplants and blood transfusions.
- Maternal infection can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis, especially harmful during 2nd to 6th months of gestation.
- Classic symptoms in newborns include hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, and intracranial calcifications.
- Diagnosis involves serological tests (IgM, IgG) and MRI.
- Treatment includes pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- Caused by HSV type 2, primarily affecting the genital area.
- Contagious through skin-to-skin contact, especially during the first outbreak.
- Not transplacental but can infect the fetus during delivery.
- Manifestations include skin lesions, CNS involvement (encephalitis), and disseminated disease.
- Diagnosis uses HSV PCR; treated with acyclovir.
Congenital Syphilis
- Caused by Treponema pallidum, presenting as maculopapular rash, runny nose, and jaundice in newborns.
- Early findings can include skeletal abnormalities and hearing loss.
- Late findings may involve facial deformities (saddle nose), Hutchinson teeth (notched), and saber shins (bowed legs).
Varicella Zoster Virus
- Causes chickenpox (primary infection) and shingles (reactivation).
- Maternal infection during the first trimester can lead to fetal complications such as limb atrophy and microcephaly.
- Newborns can exhibit dermatomal scarring and neurological deficits.
Rubella
- An RNA virus transmitted via respiratory droplets.
- Maternal infection presents as mild illness with a maculopapular rash.
- Congenital rubella syndrome can lead to sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and cardiac malformations (e.g., PDA).
- Diagnosis through serological titers and echocardiogram; no specific treatment.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- A herpes virus often asymptomatic in mothers (90%).
- Can cause mild febrile illness or "mononucleosis-like" symptoms.
- Major risk for newborns includes congenital deafness; can also present as small for gestational age, microcephaly, and seizures.
- Diagnosis involves urine testing for CMV and cranial MRI showing periventricular calcifications.
- Treatment may include prolonged ganciclovir.
Parvovirus B19
- A non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus responsible for Fifth disease in children, presenting with a “slapped cheek” rash.
- In adults, commonly leads to arthritis.
- Particularly dangerous for fetuses, potentially causing miscarriages or hydrops fetalis due to its effects on red blood cell production.
- Diagnosis often through clinical presentation and serological testing.
Additional Notes
- Maternal infections can lead to significant fetal outcomes, emphasizing the importance of prenatal care and monitoring.
- Preventive measures, including vaccination and hygienic practices, are crucial for minimizing risks associated with TORCH infections.
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Description
Learn about TORCH infections, a group of infectious diseases that can be transmitted to a developing fetus or newborn during pregnancy, delivery, or after birth, and their effects on fetal development. This quiz covers the different types of TORCH infections, including Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus, and their impact on maternal and fetal health.
