Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the local relief of hills as described?
What is the local relief of hills as described?
- Less than 100 m
- Between 100 m and 300 m (correct)
- More than 600 m
- More than 300 m
Which type of landform has an elevation of over 1520 m?
Which type of landform has an elevation of over 1520 m?
- Depressions
- Plains
- Mountains
- High tablelands (correct)
What defines the local relief of plains?
What defines the local relief of plains?
- More than 100 m
- Less than 100 m (correct)
- Exactly 300 m
- More than 300 m
Which of the following processes result in an increase in surface relief?
Which of the following processes result in an increase in surface relief?
What type of mountains are created by tectonic activity?
What type of mountains are created by tectonic activity?
What feature is characterized as a basin surrounded by higher terrain?
What feature is characterized as a basin surrounded by higher terrain?
What is defined as a region where a craton is exposed at the surface?
What is defined as a region where a craton is exposed at the surface?
Which of the following describes endogenic processes?
Which of the following describes endogenic processes?
What is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity?
What is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity?
Which type of crust is primarily composed of basalt?
Which type of crust is primarily composed of basalt?
What is the primary factor determining the elevation differences of continents and oceans?
What is the primary factor determining the elevation differences of continents and oceans?
Which scientist suggested the existence of the supercontinent Pangea?
Which scientist suggested the existence of the supercontinent Pangea?
Isostatic rebound occurs when:
Isostatic rebound occurs when:
Evidence supporting continental drift included:
Evidence supporting continental drift included:
What causes crust to sink according to the isostatic process?
What causes crust to sink according to the isostatic process?
Which of the following statements about the crust is true?
Which of the following statements about the crust is true?
What occurs when the oceanic crust collides with the continental crust?
What occurs when the oceanic crust collides with the continental crust?
What natural feature is associated with subduction zones?
What natural feature is associated with subduction zones?
Which of the following is the deepest ocean trench?
Which of the following is the deepest ocean trench?
In the context of plate boundaries, what occurs at divergent boundaries?
In the context of plate boundaries, what occurs at divergent boundaries?
What is the primary goal of paleogeography?
What is the primary goal of paleogeography?
What is the highest level of the geologic timescale?
What is the highest level of the geologic timescale?
What phenomenon can occur at plate intersections when breaks weaken?
What phenomenon can occur at plate intersections when breaks weaken?
What evidence is used to reconstruct the history of continental drift?
What evidence is used to reconstruct the history of continental drift?
What is the primary composition of the outer core?
What is the primary composition of the outer core?
What characteristic of the inner core sets it apart from the outer core?
What characteristic of the inner core sets it apart from the outer core?
What is the primary function of Earth's magnetic field?
What is the primary function of Earth's magnetic field?
Which layer of the Earth is approximately 1200 km thick and made of olivine and iron/magnesium silicates?
Which layer of the Earth is approximately 1200 km thick and made of olivine and iron/magnesium silicates?
Which term describes the boundary that separates the outer core from the inner mantle?
Which term describes the boundary that separates the outer core from the inner mantle?
What does the asthenosphere primarily consist of?
What does the asthenosphere primarily consist of?
How does geomagnetic reversal affect the Earth's magnetic field?
How does geomagnetic reversal affect the Earth's magnetic field?
What part of the lithosphere is directly above the asthenosphere?
What part of the lithosphere is directly above the asthenosphere?
What is the main characteristic of composite volcanoes?
What is the main characteristic of composite volcanoes?
Which of the following volcanoes is classified as a composite cone?
Which of the following volcanoes is classified as a composite cone?
What forms the ribs that strengthen composite cones?
What forms the ribs that strengthen composite cones?
Which statement correctly describes the eruptions of composite volcanoes?
Which statement correctly describes the eruptions of composite volcanoes?
From the given list, which volcano is NOT a composite cone?
From the given list, which volcano is NOT a composite cone?
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Study Notes
Topographic Regions of Earth
- Plains: Local relief less than 100 m (325 ft), gentle slope angles ≤ 5˚.
- Hills: Local relief over 100 m but below 300 m.
- Mountains: Local relief exceeds 600 m.
- Low Tablelands: Elevation under 1520 m (5000 ft), with local relief less than 100 m.
- High Tablelands: Elevation over 1520 m with local relief of less than 300 m.
- Depressions: Basins surrounded by mountains, hills, or tablelands.
Crustal Formation and Deformation Processes
- Endogenic Processes: Originate within Earth, increase surface relief, leading to uplifted landforms, particularly along plate boundaries.
- Exogenic Processes: Originate at Earth’s surface, result in decreased surface relief.
- Continental Shield: Region where cratons are exposed; craton is old and stable lithosphere.
The Earth's Structure
- Inner Core: Solid, very dense, radius of 1390 km, temperature around 4000-4700°C.
- Outer Core: Liquid metallic iron, generates about 90% of Earth's magnetic field.
- Mantle: Largest mass among Earth’s layers; divided into inner and upper mantle; olivine and silicate minerals are predominant.
Isostasy
- Elevation differences between continents and oceans are shaped by crust thickness and density differences through isostasy.
- Crust sinks under heavy loads but rebounds when loads are reduced.
Plate Tectonics
- Continental Drift: Proposed by Alfred Wegener who theorized about Pangea, a single continent that existed millions of years ago.
- Subduction Zones: Denser ocean floor sinks beneath lighter continental crust, driving plate motion.
- Ocean Trenches: Deepest features of Earth's surface; Mariana Trench at -11,030 m is the greatest depth.
Plate Boundaries
- Divergent Boundaries: Plates move away from each other.
- Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other.
- Transform Boundaries: Plates slide horizontally past one another.
Volcanic Landforms
- Cinder Cones: Formed from explosive eruptions, characterized by steep slopes.
- Composite Volcanoes: Known as stratovolcanoes; characterized by alternating eruptions of lava flows and pyroclastic material. Examples include Mt. Mayon and Mt. Apo in the Philippines.
Paleogeography
- Study of past geographical environments, aiming to reconstruct historical landscapes through geologic evidence.
- The Geologic Timescale structures Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
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