Tonicity: Cell Physiology and Osmosis
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Questions and Answers

What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

  • The cell will gain water and swell. (correct)
  • The cell membrane will dissolve.
  • The cell will remain the same size.
  • The cell will lose water and shrink.

    • Which type of transport does not use extra metabolic energy?

  • Passive Transport (correct)
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active Transport

    • What is the term for the bursting of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

  • Plasmolysis
  • Osmosis
  • Hemolysis (correct)
  • Cytolysis

    • What is the term for the shrinking of plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diffusion requires a transport protein?

    <p>Facilitated Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cytosol of the suspended cells?

    <p>Isotonic Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport involves the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

    <p>Simple Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will lose water and shrink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane in terms of structural support?

    <p>To provide a protective environment for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will shrink and become dehydrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of molecules aided by transport proteins?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell will swell and burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane in terms of cell-cell communication?

    <p>To provide junctions between cells and adhesion of cells to matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of opsonins in phagocytosis?

    <p>To bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of receptors on the cell surface in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>To recognize and take in hormones and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clathrin in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>To form a vesicle that engulfs the ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the LDL receptor protein after the LDL particle is released into the lysosome?

    <p>It is recycled back to the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of exocytosis?

    <p>To eject waste products or chemical transmitters from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the coated vesicle in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>To engulf the ligand and form an early endosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the coated pit in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>To form a membrane invagination that engulfs the ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ligand after it is released from the coated vesicle into the late endosome?

    <p>It is digested by lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tonicity

    • Tonicity refers to the total solute concentration of a solution outside a cell and its effect on the cell's volume.
    • Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes as the cytosol of suspended cells, with no net movement of water and the cell stays the same size.
    • Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration, causing the cell to gain water and swell.
    • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration, causing the cell to lose water and shrink.

    Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

    • Osmosis is the movement of water into or out of a cell to equalize the solute concentration.
    • Hypotonic solutions cause red blood cells to swell and may lead to hemolysis.
    • Hypertonic solutions cause red blood cells to shrink and may lead to crenation.
    • Isotonic solutions have no net movement of water, and the cell stays the same size.

    Cell Biology

    • Cell signaling involves cell-cell communication and junctions between cells and adhesion of cells to the matrix.
    • Cell energy, nucleus and chromosome, cytosol and endoplasm system, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane are all important aspects of cell biology.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane has the following characteristics:
      • Fluidity or flexibility
      • Asymmetry
      • Selective permeability
    • The cell membrane has the following functions:
      • Structural support
      • Protective environment for the cell
      • Specific recognition sites and signal transduction for cells
      • Transport of materials across the cell membrane
      • Cell-cell communication and junctions between cells and adhesion of cells to the matrix

    Passive Transport

    • Passive transport is a process that allows molecules or ions to cross the membrane moving down a concentration or electrochemical gradient without using extra metabolic energy.
    • Examples of passive transport include simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

    Material Transportation across Cell Membrane

    • Section 1: Passive transport
    • Section 2: Active transport
    • Section 3: Endocytosis and exocytosis

    Endocytosis

    • Phagocytosis: the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles and bacteria
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: the process by which cells internalize molecules and particles through receptors on the cell surface
    • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: the process by which cells internalize molecules and particles through coated pits and vesicles coated with clathrin

    Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (RME)

    • RME is a process by which cells internalize molecules and particles through receptors on the cell surface
    • Molecules binding to specific receptors are engulfed into a coated vesicle
    • The coated vesicle releases from the cell membrane and forms an early endosome, which then changes into a late endosome
    • In the late endosome, the pH becomes very low, and the receptors separate from the ligands, and the ligands are digested in the lysosome

    Exocytosis

    • Exocytosis is a cellular process where cells eject waste products or chemical transmitters from the interior of the cell
    • Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, and it involves the movement of particles outside the cell

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    Description

    Learn about tonicity, its effects on cell volume, and the differences between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions in cell physiology.

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