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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of tolerance?
What does community cohesion promote?
What is a crucial aspect of preparing for adulthood?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of cutting out excess sugar?
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What is another name for the type of alcohol found in beer, wine, and spirits?
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In what type of drinks has methanol sometimes been found?
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Why is it important to be mindful of your alcohol consumption?
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What is the proportion of all UK deaths attributed to smoking?
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How many chemicals are present in tobacco smoke?
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What is a harmful effect of nicotine on children and teens?
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Which of the following health problems is energy drinks consumption linked to?
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What is a significant change that occurs in the brain during adolescence?
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What is an emotional and social change that adolescents experience during puberty?
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What is the typical age range for puberty in girls?
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What is the primary hormone responsible for male puberty?
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What hormonal changes occur in female bodies during puberty?
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What is the typical duration of a menstrual cycle?
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What structure connects the ovaries to the rest of the female reproductive system?
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What type of sentence aims to punish and rehabilitate young offenders?
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What is the impact of gaming addiction on an individual's daily life?
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What is another name for gaming addiction?
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What is the common characteristic of cyber bullying?
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Which of the following is NOT a complete protein?
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Which of the following is an example of a food that may be an incomplete protein?
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What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?
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Which of the following is an example of a whole grain?
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What type of foods are typically high in simple carbohydrates?
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What is a potential consequence of consuming simple carbohydrates?
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What is the benefit of consuming good fats on the brain and nervous system?
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Which of the following nuts is a good source of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
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What is the impact of trans fats on the circulatory system?
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What is the age range of young people that a youth court deals with?
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What type of cases are typically dealt with in a youth court?
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Which of the following theories of punishment aims to change the character of the criminal?
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What is the primary goal of the denunciation theory of punishment?
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What is the Hindu belief about the existence of life after death?
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What is the term used to describe the barrier that prevents individuals from advancing to higher positions in a profession?
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Which group of people is particularly affected by the glass ceiling?
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What type of abuse involves using a child for personal or financial gain?
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What is the result of a child's caregiver depriving them of love and attention?
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What is a key aspect of preventing impairment of children's health and development?
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What is the primary purpose of safeguarding?
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Study Notes
Tolerance - An understanding and acceptance of others who may hold different views and opinions to our own.
Community Cohesion - Togetherness and bonding exhibited by members of a community; the "glue" that holds a community together.
Future planning and career exploration - As you get older, you will start thinking about your future and career options.
By cutting out excess sugar from your diet, some of the benefits you will get are: - Healthier teeth - More natural energy - Better concentration - Improved weight management - Better mood and mental well-being
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol - the type of alcohol found in beer, wine, and spirits.
Methanol - sometimes found in illicitly produced alcoholic drinks - extremely toxic and can cause blindness or even death if consumed.
Impaired judgment - When you drink too much, it can affect your ability to make good decisions. You may engage in risky behaviours that you wouldn't normally consider.
Nicotine and Tobacco
- Nicotine is a highly addictive chemical compound found naturally in tobacco plants
- Smoking is responsible for around 106,000 deaths in the UK every year, accounting for one fifth of all UK deaths
Harmful Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke
- Tobacco smoke contains over 5,000 chemicals
- Some of the harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke include:
- Tar
- Nicotine
- Benzene
- Carbon monoxide
- Ammonia
- Formaldehyde
- Hydrogen Cyanide
E-Cigarettes - designed to imitate the look and design of a real cigarette - Most contain nicotine, and no amount of nicotine is safe. Nicotine is very addictive and can harm children’s and teens’ developing brains.
Energy drinks can cause: - Sleeplessness - Heart Disease - Heartaches - Nausea - The Jitters
Energy drinks can cause: - Sleeplessness - Heart Disease - Heartaches - Nausea - The Jitters
Definition and Stages
- Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes.
- Typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 19, divided into three stages:
- Early adolescence (10-13 years): Physical changes begin, and adolescents start to develop their sense of identity.
- Middle adolescence (14-16 years): Social relationships and peer influence become more important.
- Late adolescence (17-19 years): Adolescents prepare for independence and develop a sense of self.
Physical Changes
- Puberty is a biological process characterized by rapid physical growth and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
- Growth spurts are rapid increases in height and weight, often accompanied by changes in body shape and composition.
- Brain development involves significant changes in brain structure and function, including the development of the prefrontal cortex.
Cognitive and Emotional Development
- Cognitive development involves improvements in problem-solving, decision-making, and logical thinking.
- Emotional development is characterized by increased emotional intensity, mood swings, and exploration of emotions.
- Identity formation involves exploring interests, values, and beliefs to develop a sense of self.
Social and Relationships
- Peer relationships are important for social support, self-esteem, and identity formation.
- Family relationships change, often marked by increased independence from parents and siblings.
- Romantic relationships involve exploration of romantic and sexual relationships.
Challenges and Risks
- Mental health is a concern, with an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
- Substance use is common, with experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.
- Risk-taking behavior increases, with a higher likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving or unsafe sex.
Cultural and Societal Influences
- Cultural norms influence adolescent behavior, values, and beliefs.
- Societal expectations put pressure on adolescents to conform to societal norms.
- Media and technology have an impact on adolescent behavior, relationships, and self-image.
Physical Changes
- Hormonal changes trigger physical changes during puberty, with an increase in sex hormones (estrogen in girls, testosterone in boys)
- Girls experience:
- Breast development (thelarche)
- Onset of menstruation (menarche)
- Widening of hips and thighs
- Growth spurt
- Boys experience:
- Voice deepening
- Facial hair growth
- Muscle growth and increased strength
- Growth spurt
Sexual Maturation
- Girls:
- Ovaries start producing eggs
- Uterus and vagina mature
- Menstrual cycles become regular
- Boys:
- Testes produce sperm
- Penis and testes grow
- Ejaculation becomes possible
Emotional and Social Changes
- Mood swings occur due to hormonal fluctuations
- Body image concerns arise from physical changes
- Peer relationships become more important for social connections and friendships
- Desire for independence and autonomy increases
Timing and Duration
- Typical age range for puberty: 10-14 years old for girls, 12-16 years old for boys
- Duration of puberty: 2-5 years for girls, 3-5 years for boys
- Normal range of ages and developmental pace vary
Factors Influencing Puberty
- Genetics: family history and inherited traits influence puberty
- Nutrition and health: adequate nutrition and overall health support normal puberty development
- Environmental factors: exposure to certain chemicals or stress may affect puberty onset or pace
Physical Changes
- Boys experience a rapid growth spurt during puberty, with the highest growth rate between 10-14 years old.
- Boys can grow up to 10-12 inches (25-30 cm) during puberty.
- Boys typically gain 40-50 pounds (18-23 kg) during puberty.
Hormonal Changes
- Testosterone is the primary hormone responsible for male puberty, produced by the testes.
- The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular (HPT) Axis regulates puberty, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and testes.
Reproductive Development
- Testicular enlargement is one of the first visible signs of puberty in boys, occurring around 9-10 years old.
- Spermarche, the first ejaculation, typically occurs around 12-14 years old.
- The voice deepens and becomes more resonant due to hormonal changes.
Other Changes
- Boys develop pubic, axillary, and facial hair during puberty.
- Hormonal fluctuations can lead to acne on the face, chest, and back.
- Boys may experience mood swings, irritability, and emotional sensitivity during puberty.
Timing and Stages
- The Tanner Stages is a 5-stage classification system to describe the physical changes during puberty.
- Boys typically enter puberty between 10-14 years old, with the entire process lasting around 3-5 years.
Female bodies - start to produce a lot more oestrogen and progesterone.
Menstrual cycle - Lasts 28 days and has four main phases: Menstrual Cycle Phase, Follicular Phase, Ovulation Phase, Luteal Phase
Fallopian Tube - What the eggs travel through from the ovaries to the uterus.
Punishments for breaking the law – - Discharge - Youth Rehabilitation Order - Custodial Sentence - Youth Cautions - Community Resolutions - Community Sentences - Detention and Training Orders - Parenting Orders - Referral Order - Reparation Order
Gaming Addiction – Also known as gaming disorder, it is a behavioural addiction characterised by excessive and compulsive use of video games to the point where it interferes with an individual's daily life and causes significant distress.
Cyber bullying - Any type of bullying that happens through a digital medium
Complete Proteins - contain all nine essential amino acids that the body needs in sufficient quantities and can be found in foods such as; Meat Fish Eggs Dairy Soy Tofu
Incomplete Proteins - lack one or more of the essential amino acids or do not provide them in the required amounts. Legumes Grains Nuts Seeds Vegetables
Grains - Provide fibre and are a great source of carbohydrates which provide the body with a power source. Carbohydrates turn into glucose which is a simple form of sugar which the body can transport directly to the muscles. Grain Examples: Rice Oats Rye Whole Wheat Corn Quinoa Buck Wheat
Simple Carbohydrates
- Found in foods such as fruits, fruit juices, sugary desserts, and sweets
- Rapidly broken down into glucose, resulting in a quick spike in blood sugar levels
- Provide short-lived energy, leading to a potential crash in energy levels
- Often lack essential nutrients and fibre
Good Fats
- Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats can act as a lubricant for the brain and nervous system, enhancing cognitive function.
- They facilitate faster electrical impulses, decision-making, and connections in the brain, similar to upgrading from slow internet to fiber optic internet.
- Sources of good fats include:
- Nuts: Macadamia, Brazil, Walnut, Hazelnuts, Almonds
- Seeds: Chia, Sunflower, Sesame, Lin, Pumpkin
- Olive Oil
- Avocado
Bad Fats - Trans Fats - Should be avoided. They clog up the circulatory system and increase your blood cholesterol levels. Decrease high density lipoprotein (HDL – the good cholesterol). Example: Donuts Pizza Ice Cream Crisps Fried Foods Margarine
Youth Court Overview
- A specialist type of magistrates' court, specifically designed for young people aged 10-17.
Judicial Composition
- A district judge or three magistrates will sit in the youth court.
Court Atmosphere
- The youth court is a lot less formal than adult court.
Types of Cases
- Youth courts deal with cases involving theft and burglary.
- Youth courts handle cases related to anti-social behaviour.
- Youth courts process cases involving drugs offences.
- Youth courts handle cases of non-serious criminal behaviour.
Serious Crimes
- For serious crimes, such as murder, the case initially starts in the youth court.
- Cases involving serious crimes are then passed to a Crown Court.
Theories Behind Punishment
- Retribution: The primary goal is to make the offender suffer and pay for their wrongdoing, emphasizing punishment as a form of moral revenge.
- Reperation: Focuses on making amends for the harm caused, either to the individual victim or society as a whole, through restitution or compensation.
Aims of Punishment
- Rehabilitation: Seeks to reform the criminal, changing their character to ensure they will obey the law in the future, focusing on personal transformation.
- Denunciation: Aims to publicly condemn the criminal behavior, demonstrating to others that the offense will not be tolerated, and serving as a warning.
- Incapacitation: Prioritizes protecting society from violent and persistent offenders, preventing further crimes by isolating or neutralizing the threat.
- Deterrence: Involves setting harsh punishments to deter others from committing the same offense, making an example of the criminal to discourage similar behavior.
Ahimsa in Hinduism
- Ahimsa, a fundamental ideal of Hinduism, involves avoiding harm to all living beings and desiring non-violence towards them.
- Ahimsa encompasses avoiding physical, mental, and emotional harm to others.
- True non-violence stems from strength, which is derived from God, not human capabilities.
- Ahimsa is an innate quality that originates from within an individual.
Karma and Reincarnation
- According to Hindu beliefs, harming another being leads to negative karma.
- Karma is the concept that the good or bad actions one takes will return to them in a different form.
- Good and bad karma accumulate throughout one's life and carry over into their next life, due to the belief in reincarnation.
Glass Ceiling - term used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents individuals, particularly women and members of minorities, from advancing to higher positions in a profession, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.
Types of Abuse
- Abandonment: when a parent or caregiver deserts a child, leaving them without proper care, supervision, or support, which can be physical or emotional.
- Medical Neglect: failure to provide appropriate medical care or treatment for an illness or injury, leading to harm or unnecessary suffering.
Domestic Abuse
- Domestic Violence: exposing children to physical or verbal abuse between intimate partners in the household, causing significant emotional trauma.
Physical Harm
- Physical Abuse: intentional infliction of harm or injury, including hitting, shaking, kicking, burning, or any other form of aggression that can result in physical injury.
Emotional Harm
- Emotional Abuse: persistent emotional maltreatment, including constant criticism, humiliation, rejection, or threats that undermine self-esteem and emotional well-being.
Exploitation
- Exploitation: using a child for personal or financial gain, including child labor, trafficking, or forcing a child to participate in illegal activities.
Sexual Abuse
- Sexual Abuse: any sexual activity, including fondling, penetration, exposure to pornography, or forcing a child to engage in sexual acts.
Neglect
- Neglect: failure to meet a child's basic needs, including food, shelter, clothing, education, medical care, or emotional support, which can be physical, emotional, or educational in nature.
Safeguarding is defined as: Protecting children from maltreatment Preventing impairment of children’s health and development Ensuring that children grow up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care Taking action to enable all children to have the best outcomes
Definition and Purpose of Safeguarding
- Safeguarding refers to measures taken to protect individuals, especially children, young people, and vulnerable adults, from harm, abuse, or neglect.
- The primary purpose of safeguarding is to prevent and respond to harm, ensuring the well-being and safety of individuals.
Key Principles of Safeguarding
- Empowerment: Encouraging individuals to take control of their own lives and make informed decisions.
- Protection: Taking steps to prevent harm or abuse from occurring.
- Prevention: Identifying and addressing potential risks to prevent harm or abuse.
- Proportionality: Ensuring that responses to concerns are proportionate to the level of risk.
- Partnership: Collaborating with other agencies and organizations to ensure a comprehensive approach to safeguarding.
Types of Abuse
- Physical abuse: Inflicting physical harm or injury on an individual.
- Emotional abuse: Causing emotional distress or psychological harm.
- Sexual abuse: Engaging in sexual activities with an individual without their consent.
- Financial abuse: Exploiting an individual's financial resources or assets.
- Neglect: Failing to provide adequate care or support.
Vulnerable Groups
- Children and young people: Those under the age of 18 who may be at risk of harm or abuse.
- Vulnerable adults: Individuals with disabilities, mental health conditions, or other vulnerabilities that may make them more susceptible to harm or abuse.
Safeguarding Roles and Responsibilities
- Designated Safeguarding Lead (DSL): Responsible for ensuring that safeguarding procedures are in place and followed.
- Safeguarding Team: Trained staff or volunteers who support the DSL and respond to safeguarding concerns.
- Other Agencies: Police, social services, and healthcare providers who may be involved in responding to safeguarding concerns.
Safeguarding Process
- Identifying Concerns: Recognizing signs of harm or abuse.
- Reporting Concerns: Informing the DSL or other relevant authorities about concerns.
- Assessment: Gathering information to determine the level of risk and response required.
- Action: Taking steps to prevent harm or abuse, such as providing support or referring to other agencies.
- Review: Monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of safeguarding measures.
Importance of Safeguarding
- Preventing harm and abuse
- Promoting well-being and safety
- Encouraging a culture of transparency and accountability
- Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements
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Test your understanding of tolerance and acceptance of different views and opinions. Learn to appreciate and respect individual perspectives.
