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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe the failure of the host's immune systems to distinguish self from non-self?
What is the term used to describe the failure of the host's immune systems to distinguish self from non-self?
- Humoral immune system
- Horror Autotoxicus (correct)
- Cellular immune system
- Autoimmunity
What can be the result of autoimmunity?
What can be the result of autoimmunity?
- Increased immune response
- Tissue and organ damage (correct)
- Enhanced self-recognition
- Improved host defense
What does autoimmunity refer to?
What does autoimmunity refer to?
- Failure of the immune system against non-self components
- Enhanced host defense mechanisms
- Self-recognition by the immune system
- Inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components (correct)
Which of the following is the primary mechanism for deleting T or B clones before maturity if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with great affinity?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism for deleting T or B clones before maturity if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with great affinity?
Where does peripheral tolerance kill lymphocytes?
Where does peripheral tolerance kill lymphocytes?
What regulates the life span of lymphocytes?
What regulates the life span of lymphocytes?
Which mechanism exists to protect individuals from self-reactive lymphocytes by killing lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissue?
Which mechanism exists to protect individuals from self-reactive lymphocytes by killing lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissue?
Central tolerance is a primary mechanism that deletes T or B clones before maturity if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with great affinity.
Central tolerance is a primary mechanism that deletes T or B clones before maturity if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with great affinity.
Peripheral tolerance kills lymphocytes in primary lymphoid tissue.
Peripheral tolerance kills lymphocytes in primary lymphoid tissue.
The life span of lymphocytes is regulated by mitosis.
The life span of lymphocytes is regulated by mitosis.
What is the main function of T Recognize cells in inducing peripheral tolerance?
What is the main function of T Recognize cells in inducing peripheral tolerance?
How do T reg cells contribute to peripheral tolerance?
How do T reg cells contribute to peripheral tolerance?
Which type of antigens can produce tolerance and are not considered immunogens?
Which type of antigens can produce tolerance and are not considered immunogens?
Which of the following is correct promotes tolerance rather than stimulation of the immune system by a given antigen?
Which of the following is correct promotes tolerance rather than stimulation of the immune system by a given antigen?
What is the term used to describe unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulus due to apoptotic cell death?
What is the term used to describe unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulus due to apoptotic cell death?
What type of antigens are ignored by the immune system, resulting in clonal ignorance?
What type of antigens are ignored by the immune system, resulting in clonal ignorance?
Whaich of the following is correct Auto or Self antigens?
Whaich of the following is correct Auto or Self antigens?
What can alter one's own cells to become non-self antigens?
What can alter one's own cells to become non-self antigens?
Which of the following is TRUE an Auto antibody?
Which of the following is TRUE an Auto antibody?
Which of the following is correct Auto Immunity?
Which of the following is correct Auto Immunity?
Which of the following is correct cause of tissue injury in autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following is correct cause of tissue injury in autoimmune diseases?
How does the immune system normally respond to self-cells?
How does the immune system normally respond to self-cells?
In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks:
In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks:
Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is true?
Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases is true?
Which of the following is correct cause of autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following is correct cause of autoimmune diseases?
In which autoimmune disease are high levels of both class I and class II MHC molecules expressed by pancreatic beta cells?
In which autoimmune disease are high levels of both class I and class II MHC molecules expressed by pancreatic beta cells?
Which tissue can induce auto-antibody formation in some men after a vasectomy?
Which tissue can induce auto-antibody formation in some men after a vasectomy?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the expression of Class II MHC molecules on the membranes of thyroid acinar cells?
Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the expression of Class II MHC molecules on the membranes of thyroid acinar cells?
What can induce nonspecific polyclonal B-cell activation?
What can induce nonspecific polyclonal B-cell activation?
Which genes show the strongest associations with autoimmunity?
Which genes show the strongest associations with autoimmunity?
Which of the following is correct relase of sequestered Antigen ?
Which of the following is correct relase of sequestered Antigen ?
Genetic factors, especially HLA genes, are strongly associated with autoimmunity.
Genetic factors, especially HLA genes, are strongly associated with autoimmunity.
Which of the following correct Classification of Autoimmune Diseases
Broadly classified ?
Which of the following correct Classification of Autoimmune Diseases Broadly classified ?
Which type of blood components can be targeted by autoantibodies in haemolytic autoimmune diseases?
Which type of blood components can be targeted by autoantibodies in haemolytic autoimmune diseases?
What causes the lysis of red blood cells in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What causes the lysis of red blood cells in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Which form of autoimmune anemia is drug-induced?
Which form of autoimmune anemia is drug-induced?
What is the characteristic half-life of RBCs of haemolytic autoimmune diseases?
What is the characteristic half-life of RBCs of haemolytic autoimmune diseases?
Haemolytic autoimmune diseases are caused by destruction of blood components by autoantibodies.
Haemolytic autoimmune diseases are caused by destruction of blood components by autoantibodies.
The immunodiagnostic test for autoimmune hemolytic anemias generally involves a Coombs test.
The immunodiagnostic test for autoimmune hemolytic anemias generally involves a Coombs test.
Which autoimmune disease attacks the myelin coating of nerve axons?
Which autoimmune disease attacks the myelin coating of nerve axons?
What is the specific target of Myasthenia gravis?
What is the specific target of Myasthenia gravis?
Which autoimmune disease attacks the insulin-producing cells?
Which autoimmune disease attacks the insulin-producing cells?
Which autoimmune disease attacks the Thyroid?
Which autoimmune disease attacks the Thyroid?
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
What is the physiological response to hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
What is the physiological response to hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Which of the following is primary targets of antibodies formed in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Which of the following is primary targets of antibodies formed in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
All of the following is correct characteristic is most frequently observed in individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis except?
All of the following is correct characteristic is most frequently observed in individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis except?
What is the primary cause of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)?
What is the primary cause of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)?
What is the specific target of the autoimmune attack in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is the specific target of the autoimmune attack in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is the consequence of the autoimmune attack in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is the consequence of the autoimmune attack in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is the physiological effect of decreased insulin production in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is the physiological effect of decreased insulin production in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
What is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) caused by?
What is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) caused by?
What regulates the production of thyroid hormones?
What regulates the production of thyroid hormones?
What is the role of autoantibodies in Graves' disease?
What is the role of autoantibodies in Graves' disease?
Which of the following is consequence of unregulated autoantibodies in Graves' disease?
Which of the following is consequence of unregulated autoantibodies in Graves' disease?
Which of the following is Correct the primary cause of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is Correct the primary cause of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is the characteristic feature of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is the characteristic feature of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is Correct the consequence of Myasthenia Gravis on the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following is Correct the consequence of Myasthenia Gravis on the neuromuscular junction?
Which of the following is Correct the eventual cause of death in Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is Correct the eventual cause of death in Myasthenia Gravis?
What are the early signs of Myasthenia Gravis?
What are the early signs of Myasthenia Gravis?
How does a person with Myasthenia Gravis appear?
How does a person with Myasthenia Gravis appear?
Which autoimmune disease can harm the kidneys, heart, brain, lungs, and skin?
Which autoimmune disease can harm the kidneys, heart, brain, lungs, and skin?
What is the cause of Rheumatic fever?
What is the cause of Rheumatic fever?
Which of the following is Correct characteristic feature is OBSERVED in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)?
Which of the following is Correct characteristic feature is OBSERVED in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)?
In Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE), which type of reaction develops when immune complexes of auto-antibodies are deposited along the walls of small blood vessels?
In Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE), which type of reaction develops when immune complexes of auto-antibodies are deposited along the walls of small blood vessels?
What is the main consequence of immune complexes in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) activating the complement system and damaging the walls of blood vessels?
What is the main consequence of immune complexes in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) activating the complement system and damaging the walls of blood vessels?
Which tissue antigens are affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)?
Which tissue antigens are affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)?
Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is characterized by fever, weakness, arthritis, skin rashes, pleurisy, and kidney dysfunction.
Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is characterized by fever, weakness, arthritis, skin rashes, pleurisy, and kidney dysfunction.
In SLE, the immune complexes activate the complement system and generate membrane-attack complexes that damage the walls of the blood vessels.
In SLE, the immune complexes activate the complement system and generate membrane-attack complexes that damage the walls of the blood vessels.
What is the primary target of the autoimmune attack in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What is the primary target of the autoimmune attack in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which of the following is Correct the characteristic feature of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is Correct the characteristic feature of Myasthenia Gravis?
What disease causes inflammation along the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, leading to various neurological dysfunctions?
What disease causes inflammation along the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, leading to various neurological dysfunctions?
Which of the following is Correct severe symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which of the following is Correct severe symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which of the following is correct Mild symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which of the following is correct Mild symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
All of the following is FALSE characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis except?
All of the following is FALSE characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis except?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the primary cause of tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a systemic disease of the joints.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a systemic disease of the joints.
Rheumatoid factors in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis are reactive with determinants in the Fc region of IgG.
Rheumatoid factors in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis are reactive with determinants in the Fc region of IgG.
The synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis contains increased numbers of T-cells and macrophages.
The synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis contains increased numbers of T-cells and macrophages.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by atrophy of bones.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by atrophy of bones.
Which of the following is correct auto immune diseases diagnosed?
Which of the following is correct auto immune diseases diagnosed?
Which of the following is Correct used to demonstrate autoantibodies?
Which of the following is Correct used to demonstrate autoantibodies?
Which of the following is Correct used to demonstrate Autoantibodies ?
Which of the following is Correct used to demonstrate Autoantibodies ?
Which of the following is examples of broad-spectrum immunosuppressive treatments?
Which of the following is examples of broad-spectrum immunosuppressive treatments?
How do broad-spectrum immunosuppressive treatments work?
How do broad-spectrum immunosuppressive treatments work?
Which mediator, playing a role in autoimmune inflammatory processes, is widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn’s disease?
Which mediator, playing a role in autoimmune inflammatory processes, is widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn’s disease?
Which therapy is a monoclonal antibody against the B cell-specific antigen CD20 that provides short-term benefit for patients with RA?
Which therapy is a monoclonal antibody against the B cell-specific antigen CD20 that provides short-term benefit for patients with RA?
What is the specific treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the specific treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis?
Which medication is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis?
What type of drugs are used to treat Thyrotoxicosis?
What type of drugs are used to treat Thyrotoxicosis?
Which medication is used to treat Lupus Erythematous?
Which medication is used to treat Lupus Erythematous?
Autoimmune diseases primarily affect men more than women.
Autoimmune diseases primarily affect men more than women.
Hemolytic anemia: Treated with VitB12
Hemolytic anemia: Treated with VitB12
Lupus Erythematous : Treated with immunosuppressive or antimitotic drugs such as Corticosteroid, Cyclophosphamide and azathioprine.
Lupus Erythematous : Treated with immunosuppressive or antimitotic drugs such as Corticosteroid, Cyclophosphamide and azathioprine.
True or False: Autoimmune diseases can only be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms.
True or False: Autoimmune diseases can only be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms.
What happens to the red cells if IgG auto-antibodies are present?
What happens to the red cells if IgG auto-antibodies are present?
How does the interference of auto-antibodies with iodine uptake affect the production of thyroid hormones?
How does the interference of auto-antibodies with iodine uptake affect the production of thyroid hormones?
What happens when immune complexes accumulate in tissues?
What happens when immune complexes accumulate in tissues?
Study Notes
Immune System and Autoimmunity
- Autoimmunity refers to the failure of the host's immune system to distinguish self from non-self, resulting in an immune response against the body's own cells, tissues, and organs.
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages its own cells, tissues, and organs.
Central Tolerance
- Central tolerance is a primary mechanism that deletes T or B clones before maturity if they have receptors that recognize self-antigens with great affinity.
- This process occurs in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Peripheral Tolerance
- Peripheral tolerance kills lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues, preventing an immune response against self-antigens.
- T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to peripheral tolerance by killing lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system attacking the body's own cells, tissues, and organs.
- Examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Causes of Autoimmune Diseases
- Genetic factors, especially HLA genes, are strongly associated with autoimmunity.
- Environmental triggers, such as infections, can also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.
Effects of Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases can cause tissue injury and organ damage, leading to various symptoms and complications.
- Examples of tissue injury and organ damage include joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, demyelination in multiple sclerosis, and thyroid inflammation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases are diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
- Treatment of autoimmune diseases involves managing symptoms, suppressing the immune system, and replacing damaged cells and tissues.
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that attacks the lining of the joints, leading to inflammation and pain.
- Lupus: An autoimmune disease that can affect various organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and nervous system.
- Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin coating of nerve axons, leading to neurological symptoms.
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis: An autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
- Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease that attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency.
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Description
Explore the concepts of tolerance and autoimmunity and their impact on the immune system. Learn about horror autotoxicus and the consequences of autoimmunity, including tissue and organ damage.
