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Questions and Answers
What is the primary family to which tobacco belongs?
What is the primary family to which tobacco belongs?
Which species of tobacco is indigenous to Mexico and the southern United States?
Which species of tobacco is indigenous to Mexico and the southern United States?
What traditional use of tobacco was practiced by various Amazonian tribes?
What traditional use of tobacco was practiced by various Amazonian tribes?
How can tobacco be administered?
How can tobacco be administered?
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What was one of the medicinal uses of tobacco recommended by John Gerard in 1597?
What was one of the medicinal uses of tobacco recommended by John Gerard in 1597?
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What role did cultural expectations play in the effects attributed to tobacco?
What role did cultural expectations play in the effects attributed to tobacco?
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What chemical compounds are primarily responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco?
What chemical compounds are primarily responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco?
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Which of the following best describes the height tobacco can reach?
Which of the following best describes the height tobacco can reach?
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What is the primary effect of nicotine on neurotransmission?
What is the primary effect of nicotine on neurotransmission?
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How long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain after smoking?
How long does it take for nicotine to reach the brain after smoking?
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What percentage of nicotine users experience psychological dependence?
What percentage of nicotine users experience psychological dependence?
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Which of the following substances has the highest addiction ranking according to the survey?
Which of the following substances has the highest addiction ranking according to the survey?
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What common effect does nicotine have on appetite?
What common effect does nicotine have on appetite?
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Which of the following has seen a decrease in average consumption from the 1950s to 1996?
Which of the following has seen a decrease in average consumption from the 1950s to 1996?
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What is a significant health risk associated with heavy smoking during pregnancy?
What is a significant health risk associated with heavy smoking during pregnancy?
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Which substance has a lower addiction ranking than nicotine according to the survey?
Which substance has a lower addiction ranking than nicotine according to the survey?
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What is a common method used to assist individuals in quitting smoking?
What is a common method used to assist individuals in quitting smoking?
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What phenomenon is observed with smokers and Parkinson's disease?
What phenomenon is observed with smokers and Parkinson's disease?
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What was the nicotine content in a typical North American cigarette in 1996?
What was the nicotine content in a typical North American cigarette in 1996?
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Which of the following best describes the action of nicotine on sensory receptors?
Which of the following best describes the action of nicotine on sensory receptors?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT linked to tobacco smoking?
Which of the following diseases is NOT linked to tobacco smoking?
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What is the primary reason for the term 'crack' in crack cocaine?
What is the primary reason for the term 'crack' in crack cocaine?
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What effect does crack cocaine initially produce?
What effect does crack cocaine initially produce?
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Which of the following symptoms can develop from high doses of cocaine?
Which of the following symptoms can develop from high doses of cocaine?
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What misconception has contributed to the resurgence in cocaine use?
What misconception has contributed to the resurgence in cocaine use?
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What is the most frequent drug-related cause of death in hospital emergency rooms?
What is the most frequent drug-related cause of death in hospital emergency rooms?
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What is the typical daily amount of coca leaves chewed for traditional use?
What is the typical daily amount of coca leaves chewed for traditional use?
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What was one of the reasons the Spaniards initially banned the chewing of coca leaves?
What was one of the reasons the Spaniards initially banned the chewing of coca leaves?
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Which effect of chewing coca leaves is considered mild and primarily beneficial?
Which effect of chewing coca leaves is considered mild and primarily beneficial?
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What year was cocaine isolated as an active principle from coca by Albert Niemann?
What year was cocaine isolated as an active principle from coca by Albert Niemann?
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Which traditional practice was NOT associated with the use of coca leaves?
Which traditional practice was NOT associated with the use of coca leaves?
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What was a significant finding from the 1870s experiment with cocaine on medical students?
What was a significant finding from the 1870s experiment with cocaine on medical students?
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Why did some European industrialists consider distributing coca leaves to their workers during the Industrial Revolution?
Why did some European industrialists consider distributing coca leaves to their workers during the Industrial Revolution?
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Who was an early advocate for the medical use of cocaine?
Who was an early advocate for the medical use of cocaine?
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What was the main reason Freud stopped using cocaine in 1895?
What was the main reason Freud stopped using cocaine in 1895?
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Which of these individuals was known to self-experiment with cocaine and recognized its stimulating effects?
Which of these individuals was known to self-experiment with cocaine and recognized its stimulating effects?
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What was the predominant use of cocaine in the late 1800s?
What was the predominant use of cocaine in the late 1800s?
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Which popular drink originally contained cocaine?
Which popular drink originally contained cocaine?
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What was one major consequence of cocaine's popularity in the late 1800s?
What was one major consequence of cocaine's popularity in the late 1800s?
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What is a symptom of cocaine withdrawal?
What is a symptom of cocaine withdrawal?
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How was cocaine first used medicinally?
How was cocaine first used medicinally?
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What was the notable effect of cocaine on neurotransmitters in the brain?
What was the notable effect of cocaine on neurotransmitters in the brain?
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What was a significant factor in the decline of cocaine's usage in products like Coca-Cola?
What was a significant factor in the decline of cocaine's usage in products like Coca-Cola?
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What percentage increase does cocaine introduce in heart attack risk at low doses?
What percentage increase does cocaine introduce in heart attack risk at low doses?
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Which of the following characters famously used cocaine in literature to enhance his intellect?
Which of the following characters famously used cocaine in literature to enhance his intellect?
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Which event signified the eventual regulation of cocaine in the United States?
Which event signified the eventual regulation of cocaine in the United States?
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Which of the following accurately describes the impact of Vin Mariani?
Which of the following accurately describes the impact of Vin Mariani?
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What was one of the effects of using higher doses of cocaine, according to self-experimentation?
What was one of the effects of using higher doses of cocaine, according to self-experimentation?
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Study Notes
Tobacco: A Comprehensive Overview
- Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a solanaceous annual herb, native to Amazonia, cultivated globally.
- Grows best in loose, sandy soil.
- Closely related species include N. rustica (Aztec tobacco).
- Native species in Australia were used as entheogens.
Historical and Cultural Uses
- Used in the Americas for at least 1000 years for ceremonies, shamanistic rituals, and social interaction.
- Used by Aztecs and Amazonian tribes for inducing trances, dreams, and visions.
- Aboriginal groups of North America utilized it spiritually, ceremonially, and medicinally.
- Different species and cultivars, along with cultural practices, affect the effects experienced.
Administration and European Introduction
- Administered through smoking, chewing, snuffing, and topical application (salves).
- Indigenous use was widespread in the Caribbean when Europeans arrived in the late 1400s.
- Europeans quickly adopted the habit, introducing tobacco to the rest of the world in the 16th century.
Tobacco as a Medicine in Europe
- Initially viewed as a medicinal plant in Europe.
- John Gerard's Herbal (1597) recommended tobacco for various ailments (headaches, toothaches, skin problems, etc.).
- Used as a purgative and emetic.
- Gerard noted its addictive nature.
Addictive Properties
- Addictive properties are due to pyridine alkaloids nicotine and nornicotine.
- Nicotine acts as both a stimulant and a depressant, dependent on user state.
- Nicotine is highly addictive, more so than most other natural products (except possibly caffeine).
- Nicotine addiction is quantified on a scale (100 being highest). Nicotine (99), Methamphetamine (98), Cocaine (97).
- Tobacco contains 0.6-0.9% nicotine and smaller amounts of other stimulants.
- Nicotine reaches the brain within 5 seconds.
Adverse Health Effects
- Adverse effects on health were recognized in the 1950s but not widely taken seriously until the 1960s US Surgeon General's Report.
- Addiction shortens lifespan, causes cancer (lung and other types), exacerbates heart disease, bronchitis and increases risk of death from these. Harmful to unborn children.
- US cigarette consumption (adults over 18) was about 4300 cigarettes per year in 1964 and dropped slightly to nearly 4000 by the 1970s, but reduced to 2220 by 1996.
- Health risks from second-hand smoke can occur in enclosed spaces.
- Smoking 20+ cigarettes daily during pregnancy nearly doubles the risk of new-born mental impairment and increases risk of lung cancer by 20 fold.
Tar and Nicotine Reduction (Historical)
- Tar and nicotine levels in cigarettes decreased by about two-thirds from 1950 to 1996 (30 mg tar/2.6 mg nicotine to 12.5 mg tar/0.9 mg nicotine).
Pulmonary Emphysema/Smoking
- Virtually all cases of pulmonary emphysema (shortness of breath due to lung damage) are smoking-related.
Quitting Smoking Aids
- Difficult habit to overcome; "stop smoking" aids exist, mostly providing alternative nicotine sources with reduced levels.
- Nicotine patches, sprays, gum, and bupropion (Zyban) are examples.
- Success rates are low (fewer than 25% stop for at least a year).
- "E-cigarettes" (vaping) deliver nicotine as a vapor, without the tar.
Nicotine's Potential Medicinal Benefits
- Nicotine may reduce symptoms of Parkinson's, Tourette's, and Alzheimer's diseases, but also schizophrenia.
- Nicotine stimulates dopamine production through mimicking acetylcholine.
- Smokers may experience less Parkinson's disease. Schizophrenics are often heavy smokers.
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Description
Explore the rich history and cultural significance of tobacco across the globe. From its use in ancient ceremonies by indigenous peoples to its introduction in Europe, this quiz provides a comprehensive overview of tobacco's multifaceted roles. Delve into the various methods of administration and discover how these practices have evolved over time.
