Commercial Determinants of Health

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Questions and Answers

How does nicotine contribute to tobacco addiction?

It directly stimulates the release of serotonin.

It prevents the release of catecholamines.

It operates by inhibiting dopamine receptors.

It triggers nicotinic cholinergic receptors to release dopamine. (correct)

What percentage of children in Ireland are exposed to second-hand smoke at home?

30%

20%

45% (correct)

50%

What law was enacted in Ireland regarding smoking in vehicles with children?

It became illegal to smoke in vehicles with a child present. (correct)

A total smoking ban in all public places.

Only pregnant women are prohibited from smoking in cars.

Smoking is allowed if the windows are open.

What is the fixed penalty for smoking in a vehicle with a child present in Ireland?

€100 Signup and view all the answers

What are two primary sources of childhood second-hand smoke exposure?

Domestic settings and vehicular transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary demographic difference in the prevalence of problem drinking in Ireland?

Men exhibit harmful drinking patterns more frequently than women. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for binge drinking?

Having physical, social, or mental well-being harmed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of deaths attributed to alcohol consumption worldwide in 2016?

3 million Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the alcohol units consumed per week for men and women?

Men should not exceed 28 units, while women should not exceed 21 units. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global population engaged in heavy episodic drinking in 2016?

18.2% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all deaths worldwide is tobacco responsible for?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected annual death toll from tobacco by 2030?

10 million Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer has the highest associated risk due to smoking, with a 20 times greater risk?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a harmful effect of passive smoking on infants?

Respiratory issues Signup and view all the answers

What demographic trend is observed regarding smoking prevalence?

Increasing in low-income countries Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of tobacco-related deaths occur among women and children due to secondhand smoke?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the cost of treatment per smoker in Ireland as of 2009?

€7,700 Signup and view all the answers

According to the 1951 study by Doll and Hill, what percentage of men with lung cancer were smokers?

99.5% Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-efficacy play in brief interventions for alcohol problems?

It encourages an individual's belief in their ability to change behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment is classified as anti-craving for alcohol use disorder?

Acamprosate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alcohol-related deaths is true?

5.9% of all global deaths were linked to alcohol consumption. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological treatment strategy is used for addressing alcohol dependency?

Motivational interviewing Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total alcohol consumed in Ireland during 2013 was part of binge drinking sessions?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of alcohol misuse in terms of societal impact?

Increased risk of violent behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the 'Empathy' component in brief interventions emphasize?

Providing warm and understanding feedback. Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly represents a statistic related to alcohol use in Ireland?

4 in 10 women engage in harmful drinking patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage decrease in cigarette consumption was observed in countries with a ban on advertising?

9% Signup and view all the answers

Which country was the first to enact smoke-free indoor workplace legislation?

Ireland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant feature of pictorial warning labels on tobacco products?

They have a greater impact across diverse populations. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant policy implemented in Ireland in 2008 regarding tobacco packaging?

Graphic pictorial warnings Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Ireland ban cinema and billboard advertising for tobacco products?

2002 Signup and view all the answers

How many people does tobacco use reportedly kill each year according to the WHO?

6 million Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the latest tobacco control policies adopted in Ireland?

Standardized packaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of implementing pictorial health warning labels on tobacco products?

To reduce communication inequalities Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is considered the most effective way to reduce tobacco demand?

Tax increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of raising the real price of cigarettes by 10% in high-income countries (HICs)?

Reduces smoking by about 4% Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential harmful effect of tobacco taxation?

Increases risk of malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of transitioning from tobacco farming in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)?

Job losses among tobacco farmers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)?

The first global public health treaty Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is recommended for cigarette taxation by the FCTC?

At least 70% of the cost of cigarettes should be tax Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does increased tobacco taxation pose in some countries?

It can be regressive where poor people are likely to smoke Signup and view all the answers

How has the coverage of comprehensive tobacco control measures changed since 2007?

Increased to cover 63% of the world’s population Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tobacco Epidemiology

1.1 billion smokers globally, including 850 million men and 250 million women.
One-third of the world's population over 15 smokes.
Smoking rates correlate with education and social standing.
Smoking responsible for 10% of all deaths and 30% of cancer deaths.
One smoking-related death every six seconds globally.
Tobacco causes 16% of male and 7% of female deaths.
Secondhand smoke annually kills 600,000 people, mostly women and children.
Projections predict tobacco as the leading global killer by 2030 (10 million deaths annually) and 1 billion deaths by the end of the 21st century.

Treatment costs per smoker: €7,700.
Smoking-related health expenditure: €500 million.
Premature mortality costs: €3,500 million.
Revenue from tobacco: €1,216 million.

Stages of the Worldwide Tobacco Epidemic

The epidemic progresses through four stages, with different countries at various stages and different rates of smoking prevalence.

Harmful Effects of Smoking

1951 study links smoking to 99.5% of male lung cancer cases.
Smoking increases the risk of many cancers (lung, throat, mouth, etc.), cardiovascular diseases (heart disease, stroke, etc.), respiratory problems, and various others.

Passive Smoking

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a mixture of mainstream and side stream smoke.
ETS contains over 4,000 compounds, 50+ of which are carcinogens, including benzene, etc.
Secondhand smoke linked to increased lung cancer risk in spouses, fetal issues, and respiratory problems in children.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

NRT is offered to patients who want to quit or express withdrawal symptoms in hospital.
NRT includes patches, gums, nasal sprays, and inhalers.
A standard course of NRT support for smoking cessation costs approximately €150.
Treatments should not be repeated within 6 months.
Psychological support for addiction is also necessary.

Public Health Interventions

Comprehensive tobacco control policies are generally beneficial, but government revenue should be considered.
Global policies are focused on banning advertising and promotion of tobacco, with a rising emphasis on taxes and restrictions.
Policies on tobacco control are designed to reduce consumption and increase the price of tobacco to reduce the demand.

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Description

Test your knowledge on how nicotine leads to tobacco addiction and the impact of second-hand smoke on children in Ireland. Explore laws regarding smoking in vehicles with children and the penalties imposed. This quiz will help you understand the vital statistics and regulations aimed at protecting children's health from tobacco exposure.