Commercial Determinants of Health

A major public health concern killing 10% of all people worldwide and 30% of all cancer deaths annually. This disease is responsible for 1 death every 6 seconds.

A serious health risk, responsible for 600,000 deaths globally every year. It affects women and children disproportionately.

A study that found 99.5% of men diagnosed with lung cancer were smokers, highlighting the strong link between smoking and lung cancer.

This refers to smoke that is inhaled directly from burning tobacco, as opposed to secondhand smoke.

Consists of a complex mixture of over 4000 compounds, including several known carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). It poses a serious health risk.

The harmful effects of smoking are widespread and include risks for multiple systems in the body.

A condition caused by inhaling second-hand smoke that can affect children and infants.

Smoking has significant financial consequences, leading to high healthcare costs and reduced productivity due to premature mortality.

Increasing the price of cigarettes through taxes is the most effective way to reduce tobacco consumption.

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is the first global public health treaty focused on reducing tobacco use.

The FCTC aims to protect people from tobacco smoke, regulate tobacco products, and raise awareness about tobacco's harms.

The FCTC addresses issues related to tobacco taxation, trade, investment, and marketing, tackling the globalization of the tobacco epidemic.

The FCTC recommends that at least 70% of the price of cigarettes be made up of taxes.

Non-price measures in tobacco control include protection from smoke, regulating tobacco products, education, communication, and restrictions on advertising and promotion.

The WHO report in 2017 indicated a significant increase in coverage of comprehensive tobacco control measures since 2007.

Reducing the supply of tobacco, such as through bans on farming, has not been proven effective in reducing tobacco consumption.

Pictorial warning labels on tobacco products have been found to be effective in reducing smoking across various demographics, including different racial and socioeconomic groups.

Bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship have shown to be effective in reducing cigarette consumption, with studies showing a significant decrease in countries with such bans.

Ireland became the first country worldwide to enact a comprehensive smoke-free policy, followed by other countries like Norway and Italy, creating a global movement for smoke-free environments.

Tobacco control policies, including advertising bans, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and graphic pictorial warnings, have collectively demonstrated a positive impact on reducing the global burden of smoking-related diseases.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco use is responsible for approximately 6 million deaths annually worldwide, highlighting the scale of the global tobacco epidemic.

Anti-tobacco campaigns have increasingly replaced traditional tobacco advertising, demonstrating a shift in focus towards public health messaging and promoting healthier choices.

Smoke-free environments, both indoors and outdoors, have become a global trend, driven by increasing awareness of the harms of secondhand smoke and a growing commitment to public health.

Standardized packaging, which removes all branding and focuses on health warnings, has been shown to reduce the attractiveness of tobacco products and contribute to reduced smoking rates.

A measure of how much a substance affects health and well-being, expressed as years of life lost due to illness or disability; often used to quantify the impact of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.

A type of receptor in the brain that is activated by nicotine, leading to the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters.

Chemical messengers in the brain that transmit signals between nerve cells.

A pattern of alcohol consumption where a person drinks large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time, often leading to intoxication.

A measurement of the amount of alcohol in a drink, commonly used to guide safe drinking limits.

The process of releasing neurotransmitters from nerve cells. One of them, dopamine, is associated with pleasure.

Exposure to secondhand smoke in homes and vehicles is a major concern for children, affecting their health.

People who experience negative consequences, such as physical, social, or mental health problems, due to their alcohol consumption.

The recommended weekly limit for alcohol consumption for men and women, respectively.

A law enacted in Ireland to penalize smoking in cars with children present, aimed at protecting their health.

A brief, structured conversation aimed at reducing harmful alcohol use, typically lasting a few minutes or less.

A method of addressing alcohol misuse involving a combination of medications and therapies. Medications include aversive agents like Disulfiram, anti-craving medications like acamprosate and naltrexone. Therapies may include motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Alcohol misuse is a serious health risk leading to deaths and disability globally. It is linked to chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, mental health issues, and cardiovascular problems. It also contributes to injuries, violence, and reduced productivity.

High-risk individuals are identified and offered feedback on their alcohol consumption, emphasizing their responsibility for change and providing advice, menu of options, and empathy to enhance their self-efficacy for behavioral change.

An approach to alcohol issues involving addressing co-occurring mental disorders, social issues, and providing support for personal challenges.

Alcohol misuse contributes significantly to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure of the overall burden of disease and injury. It is a leading cause of death globally, surpassing deaths from HIV/AIDS, violence, and tuberculosis.

A significant proportion of Irish drinkers display harmful patterns of alcohol consumption. Binge drinking is prevalent, leading to numerous health problems, including a high rate of alcohol-related deaths and negative impacts on children.

Alcohol misuse can lead to decreased work performance, absenteeism, family hardship, violence, suicide, homicide, traffic accidents, and risky sexual behavior.