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Questions and Answers
What structure does the femoral artery and vein pass through to enter the popliteal region?
Which nerve provides sensation to the anteromedial knee, leg, and foot?
Which muscles are included in the contents of the popliteal fossa?
What is the primary function of the tibial nerve?
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What structures exit through the greater sciatic foramen?
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Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior compartment of the leg?
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Which ligament is NOT part of the borders of the greater sciatic foramen?
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What type of structure is the lesser sciatic foramen primarily associated with?
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Which of the following muscles is located in the popliteal fossa?
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What role does the obturator internus tendon play in the lesser sciatic foramen?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the common fibular nerve?
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Which of the following is NOT a content of the popliteal fossa?
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What is a primary characteristic of the tibialis posterior muscle?
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Which structure does NOT exit the greater sciatic foramen?
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What is the primary action of the Gluteus Medius muscle?
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Which muscle has its origin at the ischial tuberosity?
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What is the common action of the hamstrings group?
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Which muscle is innervated by the Tibial nerve?
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Which muscle is located in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
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What is the insertion point of the Tensor Fascia Lata?
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Which muscle performs hip flexion and is part of the Iliopsoas group?
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Which of the following muscles primarily performs ankle dorsiflexion?
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Which muscle is responsible for great toe extension?
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Which muscle has its primary action in hip external rotation?
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Where does the Vastus Lateralis muscle insert?
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Which muscle primarily allows for inversion of the foot?
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Which of the following muscles does not participate in knee flexion?
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Which layer of the foot does the Abductor Digiti Minimi belong to?
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Study Notes
Buttock & Thigh Muscles
- Gluteus Maximus: Largest muscle in the body, extends and externally rotates the hip
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Gluteus Medius & Minimus: Abducts and internally rotates the hip, stabilizes the pelvis during walking
- Tensor Fascia Lata (TFL): Flexes and abducts the hip, assists in rotating slightly
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Deep Buttock Muscles: Primarily responsible for external rotation of the hip
- Piriformis: Important for hip rotation and stability, can cause sciatic pain if compressed
- Gemellus Superior & Inferior: Assist piriformis with hip external rotation and abduction
- Obturator Internus & Externus: Rotate the hip externally, important for walking and climbing
- Quadratus Femoris: Sits most inferiorly, external rotation and abduction
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Hamstrings: Composed of semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus: Extend the hip, flex the knee, and internally rotate the tibia
- Biceps Femoris (Long Head): Extends the hip, flexes the knee, and externally rotates the tibia
- Biceps Femoris (Short Head): Flexes the knee, and externally rotates the tibia
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Iliopsoas Group: Flexes the hip and trunk
- Psoas Major: Connects the lower back to the femur, allows trunk flexion and lateral trunk flexion
- Iliacus: Major hip flexor, aids in trunk flexion
- Pectineus: Adducts and flexes the hip, important for walking and climbing
- Sartorius: Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip, flexes the knee, known as the "tailor's muscle"
- Rectus Femoris: Only quadriceps muscle that crosses the hip and knee, extends the knee and flexes the hip
- Quadriceps: Powerful extensors of the knee
- Vastus Lateralis, Medialis, and Intermedius: Extend the knee and contribute to stability
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Adductor Muscles: Adduct the hip and assist with rotation, important for walking and climbing
- Adductor Longus, Brevis, Magnus: All adduct the hip and assist with internal rotation
- Gracilis: Adducts and flexes the hip, assists with internal rotation
- Adductor Magnus: Unique due to its hamstring portion extending the hip as well
Leg Muscles:
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Anterior Compartment: Dorsiflexes the ankle and extends the toes
- Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the ankle
- Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extends the toes (2-5) and dorsiflexes the ankle
- Extensor Hallucis Longus: Extends the big toe and dorsiflexes the ankle
- Fibularis Tertius: Weakly dorsiflexes and everts the ankle
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Lateral Compartment: Everts the ankle
- Fibularis Longus: Everts the ankle, aids in plantar flexion
- Fibularis Brevis: Works with the fibularis longus
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Posterior Compartment: Plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the toes
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Superficial Group:
- Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes the ankle, assists with knee flexion
- Soleus: Plantar flexes the ankle
- Plantaris: Weak plantar flexor and knee flexor
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Deep Group:
- Popliteus: Medially rotates the tibia, unlocks the knee joint
- Flexor Digitorum Longus: Flexes the toes (2-5), plantar flexes the ankle
- Flexor Hallucis Longus: Flexes the big toe, plantar flexes the ankle
- Tibialis Posterior: Inverts the ankle, assists with plantar flexion
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Superficial Group:
Foot Muscles:
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Layer 1:
- Flexor Digitorum Brevis: Flexes the toes (2-5)
- Abductor Hallucis: Abducts the big toe
- Abductor Digiti Minimi: Abducts the little toe
- Quadratus Plantae: Assists the FDL in flexing the toes (2-5) by redirecting the pull
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Layer 2:
- Lumbricals: Flex the MCP joints of toes (2-5), extend the PIP & DIP of toes
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Layer 3:
- Flexor Hallucis Brevis: Flexes the big toe
- Adductor Hallucis: Adducts the big toe
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis: Flexes the little toe
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Layer 4:
- Plantar Interossei: Adduct toes (3-5)
- Dorsal Interossei: Abduct toes (2-4), the first one abducts the 2nd toe
Femoral Triangle
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Borders:
- Base: Inguinal ligament
- Lateral: Sartorius muscle
- Medial: Adductor longus muscle
- Floor: Iliopsoas (lateral) and pectineus (medial) muscles
- Roof: Fascia latae
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Contents:
- Femoral nerve: Innervates the anterior thigh
- Femoral artery: Major blood supply to the lower limb
- Femoral vein: Drains blood from the lower limb
- Empty space: Lymph nodes
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MEMITENS: Important muscles responsible for hip abduction and internal rotation:
- Gluteus Medius: Abducts and internally rotates the hip
- Gluteus Minimus: Abducts and internally rotates the hip
- Tensor Fascia Late (TENS): Flexes and abducts the hip, assists in internal rotation
- Sartorius: Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip, flexes the knee
- Gracilis: Adducts and flexes the hip, assists with internal rotation
- SemiTendinosus: Extends the hip, flexes the knee, and internally rotates the tibia
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Superior gluteal nerve: Innervates the gluteus medius, minimus, and TFL muscles### Tarsal Tunnel
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Contains the tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, and flexor tendons of the foot
Popliteal Fossa
- Located at the back of the knee
- Borders include:
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Gastrocnemius (medial head and lateral head)
- Biceps femoris
- Contents include:
- Tibial nerve
- Popliteal artery and vein
- Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
- Small saphenous vein
- Sural nerve branches
Adductor Canal
- Located on the medial (inner) part of the thigh
- Borders include:
- Anterior/Lateral- vastus medialis
- Posterior- adductor longus and magnus
- Medial/roof- sartorius
- Contents include:
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Saphenous vein
Adductor Hiatus
- Where the femoral artery and vein pass through to become the popliteal artery and vein in the popliteal region
- The saphenous nerve remains superficial and provides sensation to the anteromedial knee, leg, and foot
Greater Sciatic Foramen
- Located in the pelvis
- Borders:
- Greater sciatic notch
- Ligaments: sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, and sacroiliac
- Contents:
- Piriformis muscle
- Gluteal nerves
- Pudendal nerves
- Sciatic nerve
- Nerve to obturator internus (superior gluteal nerve)
- Nerve to quadratus femoris (inferior gluteal nerve)
Lesser Sciatic Foramen
- Located in the pelvis
- Borders:
- Lesser sciatic notch
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity
- Ligaments: sacrotuberous and sacrospinous
- Contents:
- Tendon of obturator internus
- Nerve to obturator internus
- Internal pudendal vessels
- Pudendal nerve
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