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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

• RFID is a wireless communication technology using electromagnetic fields to identify and track objects.
• It automates data collection without physical contact or line of sight.
• This is useful in various industries for identification and tracking.

Radio Frequency (RF)

• RF refers to the range of electromagnetic waves used for communication and broadcasting.
• The frequency range typically falls between 3 kHz and 300 GHz.
• This encompasses various types of waves like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light and other higher frequency waves.
• Higher frequencies can carry more data, but have a shorter range.

Frequency Ranges

• RF frequencies are categorized:
  • Very Low Frequency (VLF): 3 kHz to 30 kHz
  • Low Frequency (LF): 30 kHz to 300 kHz
  • Medium and High Frequencies (MF, HF) : 300 kHz to 30 MHz.
  • Very High RF and Beyond: Up to 300 GHz (includes UHF, SHF, and EHF)

Speed of RF Waves

• RF waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (~300,000 km/s).

Applications of RFID

• Communication: Radio, television, and mobile phones use RF for transmitting information.
• Data Transmission: Technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID are used to transfer data.
• Navigation: RF signals, such as GPS, are used for accurate positioning.
• Medical and Industrial Use: Examples include MRI machines and industrial heating (microwaves).
• Military: Radar and communication systems in defense utilize RF.

Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC)

• AIDC refers to technologies used to automatically identify objects and collect data about them.
• It streamlines processes by eliminating manual data entry.
• This improves efficiency and accuracy – especially in industries like warehousing, manufacturing, and retail.
• AIDC encompasses devices like barcode scanners and RFID readers.
• These capture data from data carriers (like RFID tags, barcodes, QR codes).

Key Components of AIDC

• Data Carriers: Store information for identification (like barcodes, QR codes, RFID tags).
• Data Capture Devices: Read or scan data carriers (like barcode scanners and RFID readers)
• Data Network: Transfers captured data to a central system.
• Host System/Business App: Processes and manages the data.
• User: Takes action based on the processed data.
• Communication Channels: Connect data capture devices to the processing system (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or wired connections).
• Data Processing Systems: Manage and process collected data (like databases or ERP software).

Common AIDC Technologies

• Barcodes
• QR Codes
• RFID
• Magnetic Stripe Cards
• Biometrics
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

RFID Technology - Background and History

• RFID technology started developing during World War II with radar and IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) systems.
• Over time, passive radio transmitters, reflected signals, and active RFID tags with memory emerged.
• The technology advanced through standardization, adoption in commercial sectors (like retail) , and now integration into the IoT for wider uses.

Components of an RFID System

• RFID Tag Transponder: The tag attached to the item being tracked.
  • Microchip (IC): Stores unique identifier and data.
  • Antenna: Transmits and receives RF signals.
• RFID Reader Interrogator: Interacts with RFID tags.
  • Antenna: Sends signals and receives responses.
  • Transceiver: Combines transmitter and receiver.
  • Controller: Processes tag data.
• Antennas: Used for signal transmission and reception between the tag and reader.
• Middleware Software System: Filters and process data.
• Communication Interface: Connects the RFID system to a network.
• Power Supply: Provides power for different RFID systems. Active tags use internal batteries. Passive tags use the reader's signal.