RFID Technology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes active RFID tags from passive and semi-active tags?

They are always more expensive than passive tags.

They rely solely on RF energy from the reader.

They use a battery to both power the tag and transmit signals. (correct)

They do not require a reader to function.

Which frequency band is used by high frequency (HF) RFID tags?

13.56 MHz (correct)

125/134 kHz

860-960 MHz

2.4 GHz

What is the read range for low frequency (LF) RFID tags?

Approximately 1 meter

Approximately 10 meters

Approximately 0.33 meters (correct)

Up to 150 meters

What is a common application for high frequency (HF) RFID tags?

Access control and smart cards Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags?

They provide the highest data rates compared to other types. Signup and view all the answers

Why are high frequency (HF) RFID tags better suited for tagging liquids?

Their longer wavelengths are less absorbed by water. Signup and view all the answers

What method do passive RFID tags use to gain power?

They rectify the RF energy from the reader. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ACK number 997462769 represent in the TCP connection establishment?

It confirms the receipt of the first TCP transmission by host B. Signup and view all the answers

In the second packet of the TCP handshake, what is the correct sequence number from host B?

3909625466 Signup and view all the answers

Which ports are involved in the second packet of the TCP handshake?

21 and 1054 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ACK number 3909625467 in the third packet?

It acknowledges the receipt of packet 2 from host B. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage does packet 3 complete in the TCP handshake process?

Completion of the TCP connection establishment Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'SYN-ACK' indicate in the context of the TCP handshake?

It represents a server's acknowledgment and synchronization. Signup and view all the answers

After completing the initial three packets, what is the next step for the TCP connection?

Initiating data packet transfers between hosts. Signup and view all the answers

How many packets are exchanged in the initial TCP handshake process?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sequence and acknowledgement numbers in TCP packets?

To ensure reliability by confirming receipt of packets. Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym PA stand for in the context of ARP requests?

Protocol Address Signup and view all the answers

In an ARP reply, what information is typically provided by the source?

The MAC address corresponding to the requested IP address Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a BROADCAST message in a local area network?

To send a message to all devices in the network Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the owner of the IP address does not respond to an ARP request?

Another networking device may respond instead Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'R' in ARP signify?

Reply Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the completion of the initial TCP handshake?

Exchange of three packets Signup and view all the answers

What does the ACK number in the packet signify?

The sequence number of the last received packet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in terminating the TCP session?

Initiating a new connection request Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Host B in the TCP handshake after sending packet 2?

To send an acknowledgment back to Host A Signup and view all the answers

When Host A sends a FIN packet to Host B, what does this indicate?

Host A has completed its data transmission Signup and view all the answers

In the context of TCP, what does the SEQ number refer to?

The sequence in which packets are received Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step taken by Host B to terminate the connection?

Sending a FIN packet Signup and view all the answers

What happens after Host A acknowledges the FIN packet with an ACK?

Host A sends a FIN packet back Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that packet 2 has been successfully received in the TCP exchange?

The sending of an ACK packet back Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the port numbers mentioned in the TCP packet example?

They indicate unique endpoints for communication Signup and view all the answers

What action does a FIN packet initiate in a TCP connection?

It indicates the sender has finished sending data. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes UDP characteristics?

UDP does not provide acknowledgments for packet delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination of a UDP data transfer?

The source stops sending data packets. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a protocol within the TCP/IP Internet Layer?

UDP Signup and view all the answers

Why is UDP typically used for applications like videoconferencing?

UDP avoids the overhead of connection establishment and acknowledgments. Signup and view all the answers

How does the client in a UDP transfer handle received packets?

It may discard packets that arrive out of order. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of TCP connection termination, what occurs after a FIN packet is sent?

The receiving host verifies by sending a FIN-ACK. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of the TCP/IP Internet Layer?

It defines the protocols for addressing and routing data packets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the length of the UDP packets mentioned?

It indicates the amount of data that can be processed by the application. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 4-4: Bluetooth, WiMAX, RFID, and Mobile Communications

This chapter examines three wireless technologies: Bluetooth, WiMAX, and RFID.
Bluetooth is based on the 802.15 standard, designed to replace wired connections.
Information is transmitted via the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band, which is also used by 802.11b/g/n.
Bluetooth has three output power classes with varying maximum output power and operating ranges.
- Class 1: ~100 meters
- Class 2: ~10 meters
- Class 3: ~1 meter
A Bluetooth device uses an inquiry procedure upon enabling, to detect available devices.
This procedure also enables the device to be discovered by others, setting up a connection.
The process involves sending an inquiry reply back, paging, and establishing a piconet, a small ad-hoc network.
Piconets can include up to 8 devices, with one acting as a master for synchronization.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a broadband wireless system.
It's designed for broadband wireless access (BWA) for fixed and mobile stations.
The frequency range is from 2 GHz to 66 GHz.
WiMAX has a 30-mile range for fixed stations and a 3-10 mile range for mobile stations.
WiMAX is typically used for last mile wireless broadband access.
WiMAX also features flexible channel sizes such as 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, and 10 MHz. This provides adaptability for global standards to ensure maximum data transfer rates are supported.
The WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) media access control (MAC) layer differs from the IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi MAC layer. This is because WiMAX only needs to compete once to access the network and is assigned a time slot by the base station.
WiMAX has a range of up to 31 miles and it operates in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations. This makes it useful when DSL or cable network connectivity is not available.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technique that uses radio waves to track and identify people, animals, objects, and shipments.
RFID systems rely on modulated backscatter, where radio waves striking the RFID tag are reflected back with stored identification information.
RFID systems consist of an RFID tag (also called an RF transponder) and a reader (transceiver).
The reader transmits radio waves to activate the tag, retrieving information stored in the tag.
The parameters that define an RFID system include: means of powering the tag (passive, semi-active, active); frequency of operation (Low Frequency, High Frequency, Ultra-High Frequency); and communication protocols (air interface protocol).
RFID tags obtain power through passive (rectifying RF energy), semi-active (battery for electronics, backscatter), or active (battery for transmission).
RFID systems operate in three frequency bands (LF, HF, and UHF), with varying data rates and read ranges.
RFID uses Slotted Aloha as the communication protocol. This protocol determines the allowed transmission times for tags and reduces data collisions to allow up to 1000 tags per second.

Chapter 4-5: Configuring a Point-to-Point Wireless LANs: A Case Study

This section provides an example of preparing a proposal for a point-to-multipoint wireless network for a company.
Administrators want a wireless network connection for employees to the company's network.
The example problem concerns antenna site surveys, establishing a point-to-point wireless link, configuring for multipoint distribution, performing an RF site survey to establish a baseline signal level for remote users, and configuring remote user installations.
A site survey was performed to determine an antenna site with a tower for placement. Antenna selection factors involved radiation pattern, range, and cost. Options include Omni, Yagi, or Dish antennas.
A point-to-point wireless link to the home network was established.. Costs were a factor.
Multipoint distribution using omni-directional antenna (for broader coverage) was used.
An RF site survey verified signal quality across the desired area.
Remote user installations needed a directional antenna (Yagi) with mount and lightning arrestor.

Chapter 4-6: Troubleshooting Wireless Networks

This section focuses on common techniques for troubleshooting wireless networks, which can sometimes encounter failure.
Primary hardware is the access point, which is checked using ping to test network connectivity.
Troubleshooting steps include verifying the access point hardware, unplugging/re-plugging for a reset, evaluating signal strength and range, determining if obstacles (physical or electrical) are causing problems. Potential electrical interference comes from devices using the same frequency range, like microwaves (2.4 GHz). Users can also experience load issues, from too many users trying to connect at once. DHCP issues (with IP addresses) and SSID issues are handled by resetting the appropriate settings. Security protocols (e.g., WPA/WEP) need to be consistent between the client and access point. Selecting the correct wireless channels, as those without overlaps, is essential. Problems with extending wireless range may require moving the antenna or adding a high-gain antenna. Proper verification of cable connections is required when wireless devices are experiencing connectivity problems. Network switch uptime is verified using commands to identify reboots of the switch.

Chapter 6-2: TCP/IP Layers

The TCP/IP model has four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface.
The Application layer handles application-specific data and requests.
The Transport layer defines the connection type and acknowledgements. TCP (connection-oriented) and UDP (connectionless) are important protocols.
The Internet layer handles addressing and routing. Protocols include IP, ARP, ICMP, and IGMP.
The Network Interface layer defines how the host connects to the network (Ethernet, token ring, frame relay).
TCP/IP and OSI model layers correlate.
The Application layer uses ports for specific applications (Table 6-3). Well-known ports (1–1023), registered ports (1024–49151), and private ports (49152–65535) are assigned by ICANN.
The Transport layer utilizes TCP (connection-oriented) and UDP (connectionless).
The establishment of a TCP connection involves a three-way handshake: SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK.
Port 1054 is an arbitrary port used in the example of an FTP transaction, while port 21 is the standard FTP destination port.
UDP is connectionless, doesn't require acknowledgements, and is used for streaming applications (e.g., audio/video).

Chapter 6-4: IPv4 Addressing

IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, using dotted decimal notation.
IPv4 addresses are categorized into classes (A, B, C, D, and E). Different classes have different ranges (Table 6-6).
Private IP addresses are reserved for internal networks (e.g., 10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x, 192.168.x.x) (Table 6-10).
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) assigns blocks of IP addresses to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) based on qualification.

Chapter 6-5: Subnet Masks

Subnetting divides networks into smaller subnetworks (subnets).
The subnet mask identifies network/subnet bits in an IP address, enabling routing to the correct subnet.
Subnets are created by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address.
Equations are used to determine the number of subnets created and the number of hosts per subnet (Eqs. 6-1,6-2, and 6-3).
The subnet mask specifies bit positions for network and subnet bits. Subnets have unique network and broadcast addresses Table 6-12 gives decimal and binary equivalents.
Example 6-8 provided the division of 10.0.0.0 into 8 subnets.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various types of RFID tags including active, passive, and semi-active. This quiz will cover frequency bands, read ranges, applications, and unique characteristics of RFID technology. Perfect for students or professionals looking to enhance their understanding of RFID systems.