Tissues, Organs, and Systems

• The unit is about tissues, organs, and systems of living things.
• Scanning electron micrograph shows red and white blood cells flowing through a vein in a human leg at 4000x magnification.

Contents Overview

• Cells combine to form tissues.
• Organs combine to form systems.
• Biological technology impacts individuals and society.

Unit Task

• Systems biology advancements have pros and cons for society
• The task is to present an opinion on how advancements have affected society
• Presentations can be collages, comics, videos, PowerPoint presentations, monologues, written reports, or brochures.

Essential Question

• How have systems biology advancements affected individuals and society?

Reviving a Killer: The Spanish Flu

• In 1918, a deadly influenza unleashed worldwide with unique symptoms
• Symptoms included blue skin, black feet, and blood-filled lungs
• Most victims were young men and women, dying within hours
• The pandemic became known as the Spanish flu, widely reported in Spanish newspapers
• Between 25 and 50 million people died from it
• Doctors recommended masks, covering mouth when coughing, and avoiding handshakes
• Quarantine was implemented to isolate ill or suspected individuals

Lessons Learned from the Spanish Flu

• Scientists learned from the 1918-1919 Spanish flu pandemic, preparing for later outbreaks
• Better preparation led to better handling of Asian influenza pandemic (1957–1958) and Hong Kong influenza pandemic (1968)
• Governments/organizations developed plans to handle future influenza pandemics
• A strategy studied/researched the Spanish flu virus itself
• In 1997, Dr. Kirsty Duncan led a team to recover bodies from a Norwegian cemetery for virus revival attempts
• Researchers believed the virus was reproducible, this was not true
• In 2005, American researchers restored the virus using pieces from various sources
• US and Canadian researchers study the restored virus to understand its deadliness
• Permission was granted in 2008 to study the corpse of a 39-year-old British diplomat who died from influenza in 1918
• Preserved in a lead-lined casket, the body will provide virus information
• Scientist hope reviving and studying the virus will prevent future deaths

Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment: Questions about Quarantine

• Health officials placed sick people in quarantine during the Spanish flu pandemic
• During quarantine actions of individuals were restricted to prevent spread of illness, keeping them away from healthy people
• Individuals were in quarantine until symptoms disappeared
• Quarantine signs posted on front doors indicated presence
• Public health officials may impose quarantine today to stop the spread of disease
• Political, economic, social, and ethical issues with using quarantine were considered
• The term quarantine and examples of its societal use should be discussed

Skills to Use in the Chapter

• Examine cells under a microscope, identifying mitosis stages in plants and animals
• Examine plant/animal cells, and draw labeled biological diagrams showing organelle differences
• Investigate specialized cells using a microscope in the human body/ plants
• Draw biological diagrams showing structural differences
• Investigate cancerous vs non-cancerous rates of cell division using pictures or images
• Predict impacts of cell division rate on the organism

Concepts to Learn in the Chapter

• Describing the cell cycle in plants and animals
• Explain the importance of mitosis for cell growth and tissue repair
• Explain importance of cell division and cell specialization in forming new tissues
• Explain links between specialized cells and tissues in plants and animals

Why it is important

• Understanding the cell is important to understanding the body, since the body is made of them.

Before Reading

• Vocabulary is key to understanding the chapter
• Preview section 1.1, noting bolded terms.
• Create a two-column chart define terms as they appear

Key Terms

• Anaphase, cell, concentration, differentiation, diffusion
• Meristematic cells, tissue
• Mesophyll, mitosis, organelle, pholem, Prophase
• Red blood cells, regeneration, stomate, xylem

Plant and Animal Cells

• Cells have special structures
• These structures enable cells to perform life functions
• Technology, like microscopes, helps scientists understand the cell

Discovery Of Cell

• Mid-1600s: Microscopes enabled scientists to view/study the previously invisible world
• Robert Hooke first described cells in 1663
• Hooke believed cells were passages for fluids in plant
• Today, cell recognized as basic building block of life
• Every living organism is made of cells
• Cells takes in from the environment, and releases waste
• A cell can divide and make copies of itself
• Cells contain everything that it needs to live and grow

Using technology to Study Cells

• Early cell biologists used simple light microscopes to view and study external cell structures
• Scientists could view only limited details about specialized working parts within the cell
• Advances in technology, like electron microscopes, have allowed biologists to learn detailed information
• Electron microscopes produce 1000x the details that light microscopes do
• Cell discovery illustrates how scientific knowledge depends on technology
• Further technology improvement allows increased knowledge and understanding

Quick Lab: What We Remember About the Cell

• Cells vary in shape and size
• Some structures are common
• Some differences exist
• The activity reviews what is known about cells
• Purpose: create a graphic organizer that shows what the participant remembers about the cell
• Work in groups of 2-4 students
• Brainstorm for two minutes about what is remembered about cells
• Use word, pictures of phrases related to: parts, function and examples of cells
• Create a graphic organized used those words, pictures, of phrases

Quick Lab Questions

• Sometimes, we remember things better if we can visualize an example or illustration.
• What type of cell did visualization when brainstorming about the cell?
• Sometimes, it is easier to remember the functions of the different cell parts by using analogies to everyday things.
• Use an analogy to describe one specific part of the cell that you placed in your graphic organizer.
• Did the group find that it was easier to remember the parts of the cell, functions of the cell, or examples of cells?

Cell Parts and Their Functions

• All living things are made of cells
• The human body is made up of 10 trillion to 100 trillion cells
• The cell is the basic unit of life
• Organelles are smaller parts within a cell
• Organelle maintains all life processes of cell such as:
  • Intake nutrients
  • Exchange of gases
  • Movement
  • Waste removal
  • Growth
  • Response to stimuli
  • Reproduction
• There are two types of cells, animal and plant.

Structures and Organelles in Cells

• A cell contains structures & organelles that carry out various functions
• Although all cells maintain life, not identical.
• Some structures and organelles are the same while others differ between plant and animal cells

Cell membrane's protective barrier

• Every cell has a cell membrane that forms a protective barrier around the cell
• Cell membrane made of double layer of lipids that does not dissolve in water
• Cell membrane allow different substances to move across it
• Diffusion is process for moving substances
• Diffusion depends on the concentration of the substance on both sides of membrane.
• Concentration the amount of dissolved particles, called solutes, in a solution.
• If a substance has different concentration, the particles will defuse from higher to lower concentration.

Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like substance that fills cell and surrounds organelles, containing nutrients required by cell
• Physical nature of the cytoplasm makes nutrients and organelles move within the cell

Nucleus

• The cell's control center
• Controls all activities in the cell, including growth and reproduction
• Surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which allow transport of materials
• Most nuclei also contain a small dense area, called the nucleolus

Nucleus Contains DNA

• Nucleus contains nearly all of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the cell
• Most of the time DNA is bound to protein and appear as a granular substance known as chromatin
• When a cell divides, the chromatin condenses and form chromosomes
• DNA very important because it contains information for making protein and other molecules
• Protein makes proteins, and many locations

Vacuoles and Vesicles

• Vacuoles and vesicles are membrane-bound organelles
• They store nutrients, waste and other substances
• In plant cells, central vacuole stores water
• When water enters the cell, central vacuole swells becoming firm
• Vesicles transport substances throughout the cell

Mitochondria and Lysosomes

• Mitochondria supplies the energy where reaction converts chemical energy in sugar, this is used by the cell
• Lysosomes are small organelles filled with many enzymes
• An enzyme can speed up chemical reactions
• Lysosomes break down invading bacteria and damaged cell organelles, functioning as clean team

Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi apparatus receives protein from the endoplasmic reticulum
• The Golgi apparatus function: Modifying, sorting and packaging proteins for the cell
• The Golgi apparatus looks like a stack of flattered membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Organelle of interconnected small tubes that carries materials through the cell
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum makes protein
• Ribosomes are site of protein
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is associated with production of fats and oils. Does not have ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

• Internal network of fibers
• Protein Filaments which maintain the cells' shape

Organelles in Plant Cells

• Some cell organelles found only in plant cell

Cell Wall

• Cell wall found in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some algae
• Rigid frame around cell providing strength, protection, and support

Chloroplasts

• Found only in plant cells & some algae
• Contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll uses energy from sun to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen in photosynthesis
• Chloroplast's sacs are known as thylakoid, they are stacked resembling coins shape
• They are surrounded by fluid called stroma
• Stack of thylakoids called granum
• Think of thylakoid as "solar collector", because it creates photosynthesis, the source that produce carbohydrates

Plant and Animal Cell Differences

• Cell walls + Chloroplasts --> only in plants

Learning Checkpoint

• What is an organelle?
• What are the functions vacuoles and vesicles?
• Describe relationship between functions of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
• Explain role of thylakoids in photosynthesis .
• State 2 Similarities, and two differences the plant and animal cell.

Research tool: Microscopes

• Cell is tiny --> Microscopes help to see and study.
• Biologists assess health through cell structures and functions under microscopes to look for abnormalities

Light Microscope

• Compound Light Microscope uses light focused through different lenses.

Key Parts of a Microscope

• Tube: Separates the ocular lens from the objective lens
• Revolving nosepiece: Holds the objective lenses
• Objective lenses: Magnify specimen
• Stage: Supports the slide for observation
• Diaphragm: Allows light to pass through the specimen
• Condenser lens: Focuses light onto the specimen
• Lamp: Supplies the light that passes through the specimen
• Base: Provides a stable platform for the microscope
• Fine Adjustment Knob: Sharpens an image
• Coarse Adjustment Knob: Moves the stage up or down to focus on a specimen
• Stage clips: Holds the slide in position on the stage
• Arm: Holds the tube in place and is used to carry the microscope
• Eyepiece or Ocular Lens: Magnifies the specimen

Magnification

• 20x magnification through first microscope
• Light microscope has series of lenses, allowing level of better magnification
• Calculate total magnification by multiplying powers of objective and ocular lens
• Photograph through a microscope is called Micrograph

Problems: Magnification

1. Total magnification with 1000x objective lens and 10x ocular lens:
   • 100x * 10x = 1000x power of magniication
2. Total magnification with 4x objective lens and 10x ocular lens:
   • 4 x 10 = 40x power of magnification
3. Total magnification of a microscope with a 40x objective lens and a 10x ocular lens:
   • 40x * 10x = 400x power

Example Magnification

• Objective Lens Magification = 10X
• Ocular Lens Magification = 10X
• Analysis or solution:
• (magnification of Objective Lens) * (Maginication of Ocular Lens) = 10.
• (10x) * (10x) = 100x total
• Therefore, the total maginification is 100x

Resolution

• Detail depends on the power of resolution of the microscope.
• Resolution is differentiating between two objects close together.
• Limited vision only shows dot that have 0.1mm or large
• Compound light microscopes can see individual objects that are closer together than 0.1 mm.

Contrast

• Is difficult to see the cell parts: they are pale/ transparent
• Use stains to improve produce better image
• Stains = Methylene blue and iodine
• Scientists add Fluorescent substances under UV light

Electron Microscopes

• Uses electron beam instead of light.
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM) : 1 500 000x magnification
• TEM can pass thin slice so only thin slice can be examined
• Living things cannot show
• Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) provides information surface feature of specimen, 300 000x
• Produces 3D image.
• Photograph from TEM or SEM is called electron Microgram
• Electron Micrograph = Information the substance surface, structure
• STM and AFM = Image molecule, help the scientists

Quick Lab Display Cells

• Model purpose : Plant or animal
• Materials/ Equiptment needed: Coloured modeling clay
• Procedures

1. Choose to create the following: A plant one and animal one
2. Do the design the shape, size, and texture of the following cell part
3. Show clay to the class

• Questions

4. How do you think that the shape and structure of a specific cell part relates to its function? Explain the answer
5. In this activity that Was created as a scientist part the some limitation of something

Lab sketch

• Purpose, to practice drawing cells example amoeba
• Materials/ or equipment: LCD projector Prepare slide, paper, pens/ or pencil, and a clear ruler

A5 Create Biological Diagrams of Plant + Animal Cells

• Compound light-microscope magnifies specimen
• This magnification depends on the combination of lenses used
• Objects size is hard to know, since it required experience and information to see, and identify a size/ diameter when its unknown
• Compare with the field of view-- to identify in something

Materials List

• Equipment List for activity: Compound Microscope. Pen/or pencils. ruler
• Transparent metrics
• Prepared slide plant/ animal cell
• Caution: practice to to technique in and the slide carefully

Procedure for cells

1. Review: Proper handling, and usage. Microscope. By skill referenced to identify in reference to ten.
2. Copy: TABLE1.2 in your note, but record the magnification each hour

A5 Part 2 Estimate CELL SIZE

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INQUIRY CONCLUDED

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Part One cell

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Part Two

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Part Three

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Part Four

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A6 List

A6 Inquiry List 1: List Skills 2 ,6, 10. 2: Review and explain both cell: and their functions. 3: Make use of microscope for to set all apparatuses.

• 4: Carefully, clean slides of microscope.

Examining Animal/ or plant

A6 to set and view both parts. Then, do procedure of the cells. Set the view of all types cell with microscope..

Procedures: The Cells

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• (4):* A with add the by microscope and, a one edge. By slip, what ever with slide or slip cover
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Anaylze, Then interpret

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List Skills part 2, and 3