Tissue Types and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of tissue is specialized for exchange with the environment?

  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Epithelial tissue (correct)
  • Nervous tissue

    • Connective tissue is mainly responsible for generating body heat.

    False

    What is the scientific study of tissues called?

    Histology

    Desmosomes help prevent tearing of the epidermis during __________.

    <p>stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell junction forms leakproof connections?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of tissue with its primary function:

    <p>Epithelial tissue = Covering and lining surfaces Connective tissue = Providing support and transport Muscular tissue = Movement and force generation Nervous tissue = Stimulating muscle and gland action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to the underlying __________.

    <p>basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plaque in adherens junctions?

    <p>To connect transmembrane proteins to microfilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Skeletal muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle tissue is under voluntary control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure attaches skeletal muscle to bones?

    <p>tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle tissue facilitates _______ of airways and urinary bladder contractions.

    <p>constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tissue types with their primary functions:

    <p>Epithelial tissue = Covers and lines the body Muscular tissue = Generates heat and movement Nervous tissue = Coordinates body's response to stimuli Connective tissue = Joins and supports different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two layers of the basement membrane?

    <p>Basal lamina and reticular lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gap junctions assist in coordination of cell function by sharing signals efficiently.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of waves of cilia moving mucus is known as _____.

    <p>mucociliary clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the epithelial type with its function.

    <p>Simple squamous = Filtration and diffusion Simple cuboidal = Secretion and absorption Ciliated pseudostratified = Protection and mucus movement Stratified cuboidal = Protection of glands and ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape do transitional epithelial cells take when the bladder is full?

    <p>Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocrine glands secrete substances that diffuse directly into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of goblet cells in non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

    <p>Secretion of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissues are classified based on the number of layers and the _____ of cells.

    <p>shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue is specialized for absorption in the kidney?

    <p>Simple cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the vagina.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one location where you would find ciliated simple columnar epithelium.

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stratified cuboidal epithelium is considered _____ due to its rarity.

    <p>rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gland type with its definition.

    <p>Exocrine = Secretes through ducts Endocrine = Secretes into the bloodstream Mixed glands = Possess both exocrine and endocrine functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland secretes products via exocytosis only from the apical surface?

    <p>Apocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All multicellular exocrine glands are classified as holocrine glands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the liquid, solid, or gel-like substance produced by connective tissue cells?

    <p>extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most abundant protein in the body that helps tissues resist compression is _________.

    <p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of connective tissue with its description:

    <p>Adipose tissue = Stores energy and insulates the body Areolar tissue = Provides support and stretch to organs Reticular tissue = Filters substances such as lymph Dense connective tissue = Packed with protein fibers, fewer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion involves the rupture of mature cells?

    <p>Holocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissue is typically vascularized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells called that secrete antibodies in connective tissue?

    <p>plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Migra______leukocytes______ may enter connective tissues during infection.

    <p>leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

    <p>Produce the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature connective tissues are characterized by sparsely distributed cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue serves as 'packing material' for body cavities?

    <p>areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells in connective tissues derive from ________ mesenchymal cells.

    <p>embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is packed with collagen fibers but has fewer cells than loose connective tissue?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dense connective tissue provides great tensile strength and is found in tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Dense regular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elastic connective tissue contains primarily collagen fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specialized fibroblast found in cartilage called?

    <p>chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of mucous membranes is to prevent loss and protect the body from invaders.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of muscle tissue to its characteristic.

    <p>Skeletal = Voluntary movement Cardiac = Involuntary, striated muscle of the heart Smooth = Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is the most abundant in the body?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph consists mainly of blood plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of serous membranes called?

    <p>mesothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plasma is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following connective tissues with their functions:

    <p>Bone = Supports and protects organs Blood = Transports nutrients and gases Cartilage = Provides flexibility and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dense connective tissue resists pulling along any axis?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrocartilage is the weakest type of cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one location where elastic cartilage is found.

    <p>auricle (external ear)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial membranes are made of layers of synoviocytes that secrete synovial fluid.

    <p>synoviocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissues

    • A tissue is a group of cells that descended from a common ancestral cell that together perform a coordinated function.
    • The scientific study of tissues is called Histology.

    Types of Tissues

    • Epithelial tissue: Covers and protects the body and lines hollow organs, forms glands, and is specialized for exchange with the environment.
    • Connective tissue: Protects and supports the body and the internal organs, connects organs, stores energy, and aids immunity.
    • Muscular tissue: Made of specialized cells that contract to generate force and generates body heat.
    • Nervous tissue: Detects and responds to stimuli, generates electrical signals called nerve impulses to stimulate changes in muscle or gland action.

    Cell Junctions

    • Cell junctions are sites of contact between adjacent cells.
    • Five main types:
      • Tight junctions: Form leakproof connections, E.g. Stomach lining, intestinal epithelium, and lining of the urinary bladder.
      • Adherens junctions: Connect adjacent cells and resist pulling force, E.g. Contraction.
      • Desmosomes: Connect adjacent cells and resist contraction, prevents tearing of the epidermis during stretching, and ripping of muscle cells in the heart during heartbeats.
      • Hemidesmosomes: Anchor cells to underlying tissues, connect cells to the underlying basement membrane, and resist abrasion.
      • Gap junctions: Protein channels that connect the membranes of adjacent cells, assist in coordination of cell/tissue function by permitting efficient signal sharing, E.g. Exist between nerves at electrical synapses (permit ion flow).

    Basement Membrane

    • Separates overlying epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue.
    • Provides a surface for epithelia to anchor, migrate along, and grow.
    • Made of two layers of protein: the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Protects the body from injuries (abrasion, irradiation, invasion, and moisture loss).
    • Secretes enzymes, other fluids, or hormones.
    • Some absorb nutrients.
    • Two criteria to describe the structure of epithelial tissues: the number of layers or sheets of cells and the shape of cells in the tissue.

    Classification of Epithelial Tissues

    • Layers:
      • Simple: one layer
      • Stratified: multiple layers
      • Pseudostratified: single layer that looks like multiple layers
    • Cell shapes:
      • Squamous: flat, like tiles
      • Cuboidal: shaped like dice
      • Columnar: long and rectangular like wood beams
      • Transitional: variable in shape, depending on if the tissue is stretched

    Epithelial Cell Polarization

    • Epithelial cells are polarized: they have ”faces” or “ends”.
    • The apical surface faces the inside of the organ, vessel, or duct or the external environment.
    • The basal surface faces the underlying tissues.
    • The lateral surface faces adjacent cells.

    Surface Epithelium

    • The covering and lining of the body.

    Simple Squamous Epithelium

    • Specialized for filtration of body fluids and diffusion of nutrients and gases.
    • Endothelium: lines blood vessels.
    • Mesothelium: epithelial layer of serous membranes.

    Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Specialized for secretion of hormones and other substances and absorption of water and other solutes.
    • Found lining kidney tubules and in the thyroid gland.

    Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

    • Specialized for secretion of mucus and absorption of nutrients.
    • Includes goblet cells and gastrointestinal cells with microvilli.

    Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

    • Cilia beat at the apical surface to move mucus produced by goblet cells.
    • Specialized for protection from invasion and fluid loss.
    • Found in the bronchioles and oviducts.

    Non-ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Nuclei occur at different depths, giving the appearance of stratified tissue.
    • Specialized for absorption of substances and secretion of saliva.
    • Line the epididymis and part of the male urethra.

    Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Possess cilia to sweep mucus over the surface of the tissue.
    • Specialized for protection from invasion.
    • Lines the majority of upper respiratory tract.

    Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    • Superficial layer of cells can be sloughed off, protecting it from abrasion.
    • Can be keratinized.
      • Keratin is a filamentous, insoluble protein with great tensile strength, imparts mechanical strength to tissues, and will remain even after superficial cells die.
    • Specialized for protection from abrasion, fluid loss, ultraviolet radiation, and invasion.

    Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Rare
    • Specialized to protect ducts and tubes from abrasion.
    • Found lining sweat and esophageal glands, parts of the male urethra.

    Stratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Specialized for protection from invasion and secretion of tears.
    • E.g. Esophageal glands, parts of the conjunctiva of the eye.

    Transitional Epithelium and Urothelium

    • At rest, tissue looks cuboidal, When stretched, tissue looks squamous.
    • Lines hollow organs that expand to store fluids.
    • Found in the urinary bladder, portions of the ureters and urethra.

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Secretion to protect the body
    • Glands are epithelial tissues that secrete substances into or onto surfaces or into the blood.
    • Classified either as exocrine or endocrine.
      • Exocrine glands: secrete substances a short distance.
      • Endocrine glands: secrete substances that diffuse into the blood and are circulated to tissues.
      • Mixed glands: have both exocrine and endocrine tissues, e.g. Pancreas.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid which then diffuses into the blood and circulates to target tissues.

    Exocrine Glands

    • Secrete products into ducts which are then carried to the surface of the body or into a hollow organ.
    • Examples of exocrine glands: sweat, oil, and earwax glands, digestive/salivary glands, pancreatic glands that secrete into the small intestine.
    • Classified as unicellular or multicellular:
      • Unicellular glands: comprised of a single-cell, e.g., Goblet cells.
      • Multicellular glands: most glands.

    Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands by Function

    • Merocrine: Products leave glandular epithelial cells via exocytosis.
    • Apocrine: Secrete products only from the apical face of cells, also exit cells via exocytosis (e.g mammary glands secreting breast milk).
    • Holocrine glands: Collect products in the cytosol, mature cells rupture, and leaked contents = secretion, (e.g., sebaceous glands).

    Connective Tissues

    • Not usually found at body surfaces
    • Contains both nerves and blood vessels (with some exceptions).
    • Two components:
      • Extracellular matrix (ECM): Protein fibers + ground substance, can be liquid, solid, or gel-like).
      • Cells: Sparsely distributed throughout matrix.

    Cells of Connective Tissue

    • All cells of connective tissue descend from embryonic mesenchymal cells.
      • Fibroblasts: most abundant, secrete the ECM of loose and dense connective tissue.
      • Macrophages: phagocytic immune cells that reside in tissues.
      • Plasma cells: immune cells that secrete antibodies.
      • Mast cells: immune cells immobilized in tissues that secrete inflammatory chemicals.
      • Adipocytes: cells of adipose tissue that store triglycerides.
      • Leukocytes (white blood cells): do not normally reside in connective tissues but can migrate there during infection/invasion.

    ECM of Connective Tissues

    • External to the cell, complexes of polysaccharides and proteins connect the cell to other cells.
    • Extensively hydrated.
    • Cells of connective tissue secrete the ECM.
    • Ground substance: The material between cells and fibres in connective tissue, gives the tissue its liquid, gel-like, or solid properties.
    • The protein fibres of the ECM:
      • Collagen fibres: Most abundant protein in the body (25% of total protein), great tensile strength from parallel bundle arrangement, helps tissues resist compression.
      • Elastic fibres: Thinner than collagen fibres, made of a protein called elastin, can stretch and return to resting length = elasticity, resists tearing and shear.
      • Reticular fibres: Made of bundled collagen + glycoprotein, thinnest fibre, supports multiple tissues (e.g. walls of blood vessels), form part of the basement membrane.

    Epithelial vs Connective Tissues

    • Difference is the ratio of extracellular matrix to number of cells.
    • Both are the most common and widely-distributed tissues in the human body.

    Other Minor Differences

    • Epithelial tissue is not vascularized while connective tissue typically is vascularized.
    • Epithelial tissue typically forms the most superficial layer and is not covered by other tissues.
    • Epithelial tissue is often found overlying connective tissues, usually arranged this way in organs to reflect the function of that organ.

    Overview of Connective Tissues

    Embryonic Connective Tissues

    • Mesenchymal tissue: Contains mesenchymal cells in a semifluid ground substance + reticular fibres, becomes nearly all types of connective tissue, e.g. First skeleton of the developing embryo.
    • Mucoid connective tissue: Sparsely-distributed fibroblast within gel-like ground substance and thin collagen fibres, provides mechanical support to overlying tissue, e.g. Umbilical cord.

    Mature Connective Tissues

    • Loose connective tissue: Sparsely distributed cells and fibres, includes areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue.
    • Dense connective tissue: Packed with protein fibres but fewer cells than loose CT, can be regular, irregular, or elastic.
    Loose Connective Tissues
    • Areolar connective tissue: Widely distributed throughout the body, all three fibres plus variety of cells in semifluid ground substance, functions to support, reinforce, and provide stretch to organs, serves as “packing material” for body cavities.
    • Adipose connective tissue: Contains adipocytes that store triglycerides in a large central droplet (white adipose tissue), insulates the body and stores energy; supports and protects internal organs.
    • Reticular connective tissue: Made of tightly-woven reticular fibres plus fibroblasts, filters substances, such as lymph in the spleen and lymph nodes, called the stroma in these organs.
    Dense Connective Tissues
    • Dense regular connective tissue: Packed collagen fibres + sparse fibroblasts, thick collagen bundles look shiny, great tensile strength, part of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle or muscle to bone attachments).
    • Dense irregular connective tissue: Made of irregularly arrangement of collagen fibres + few fibroblasts, resists pulling along any axis, found in the fasciae (wrap muscles) and the pericardium (surrounds the heart).
    • Elastic connective tissue: Made of elastic fibres + few fibroblasts, provides elasticity to organs, Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, the trachea, and bronchial tubes.

    Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage

    • Thick collagen fibres embedded in a gel-like ground substance, ECM contains extensively hydrated proteoglycans like chondroitin sulfate, strongly resists compressional forces.
    • Cells are special fibroblasts called chondrocytes that reside in spaces called lacunae.
    • Not vascularized and heals slowly.
    • Some types covered by perichondrium = layer of new chondrocytes containing blood vessels.

    Classification of Cartilage

    • Hyaline cartilage: Most abundant form of cartilage in the body, overlaid by the perichondrium, provides a smooth surface between bones at joints, comprises the fetal skeleton before ossification (hardening into bone).
    • Fibrocartilage: Lacks perichondrium, strongest type of cartilage, found at the pubic symphysis (anterior joining of hip bones), intervertebral discs, menisci of knee joins.
    • Elastic cartilage: Overlaid by perichondrium, functions to provide strength and stretch, shapes some structures, forms the auricle (external ear) and the epiglottis.

    Bone Tissue

    • Can be compact or spongy.
    • Compact bone: Consists of repeating units called osteons, include rings calcified ECM that contain:
      • Lacunae containing the cells of bone tissue: osteocytes
      • A central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

    Liquid Connective Tissues

    • Blood: Liquid ECM called blood plasma + blood cells, transports oxygen, nutrients, gases, wastes, immunological cells and compounds, hormones, and platelets, resides within blood vessels and the heart.
    • Lymph: Liquid tissue comprised of different things depending on the location in the body, less protein than blood plasma, exiting lymph nodes, lymph consists mainly of lymphocytes, exiting the small intestine, lymph consists mainly of dietary fats.

    Anatomical Membranes

    • Not biological or plasma membranes!
    • Sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a portion of the body.
    • Usually epithelial layer + connective tissue, includes mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes (skin), synovial membranes consist only of connective tissue (no epithelium) and line joints.

    Mucous Membranes

    • Epithelial layer varies widely, connective layer is called the lamina propria, made of areolar connective tissue, line body cavities that are open to the external environment and prevents fluid loss, protect the body from invaders, secrete enzymes to assist digestion and absorption, lines the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and part of the urinary tract.

    Serous Membranes

    • Only lines cavities and organs not exposed to the external environment, made of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium, mesothelium secretes serous fluid which lubricates organs and walls.

    Cutaneous Membranes

    • Includes skin, most superficial layer = epidermis, deep to the epidermis is the dermis, epidermis is made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelia, dermis is made of dense irregular and areolar connective tissues.

    Synovial Membranes

    • Described as “uncooked egg” in appearance, made of layers of synviocytes that secrete synovial fluid to lubricate joints and nourish tissues, deep to these are layers of areolar and adipose connective tissues.

    Muscular and Nervous Tissues Contain Excitable Cells

    • Detect electrical stimuli and respond by producing action potentials.
    • May result in a nerve impulse or release of neurotransmitters.

    Muscular Tissue

    • Made of unique cells called muscle fibres or myocytes, contracts to move bones, generates heat.

    • Three types:

      • Skeletal
      • Cardiac
      • Smooth### Skeletal Muscle Tissue

    • Long, multinucleate, and striated tissue

    • Responsible for voluntary movement, posture maintenance, and heat generation

    • Attaches to bones via tendons

    Cardiac Muscle Tissue

    • Branched, striated fibres with a single nucleus
    • Cells are joined by gap junctions for rapid electrical signal conduction
    • Under involuntary control
    • Collectively forms the myocardium or heart wall

    Smooth Muscle Tissue

    • Long, nonstriated fibres with a single nucleus
    • Thickened middle section of cells
    • Cells are joined by gap junctions to coordinate involuntary muscle contractions
    • Facilitates peristalsis, constriction of airways, and contractions of the urinary bladder and gallbladder

    Nervous Tissue

    • Composed of two types of cells: neurons and neuroglia
    • Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon and generate electrical signals or nerve impulses
    • Neuroglia do not generate electrical impulses, but synthesize myelin, which coats neuronal axons to increase electrical signal transmission speed.

    Summary of Tissues

    • Tissues are composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
    • Epithelial tissues cover and line the body, and can secrete/absorb substances like hormones and nutrients and protect against mechanical injury.
    • Connective tissues join epithelial tissues to deeper tissues and support the body.
    • Muscular tissue moves the body and generates heat.
    • Nervous tissue coordinates and controls the body's response to stimuli.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various tissue types and their functions with this engaging quiz. You will explore the characteristics of muscle, connective, and epithelial tissues, as well as their roles in the body. Be prepared to match tissue types with their primary functions and understand scientific terms related to tissues.

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