Timber Harvesting Long Quiz Reviewer

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Questions and Answers

What operation involves the felling of standing trees and bucking them into logs?

Gathering

Cutting (correct)

Log preparation

Transporting

During which historical period did logging operations see significant mechanization and the use of chainsaws?

Pre-Spanish period

Spanish period

Commonwealth period

American period (correct)

What was a major consequence of timber exploitation during the Japanese period?

Expansion of the logging market

Increased mechanization of logging equipment

Rampant forest destruction (correct)

A shift to manual logging methods

What primary benefit does timber harvesting provide concerning employment?

Creation of stable employment opportunities (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of the logging system during the Spanish period?

Expansion of the market due to shipbuilding materials (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which timber harvesting activity involves the final movement of logs to their destination?

Major transportation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which logging period primarily adopted the American logging practices without improvement?

Commonwealth period (C) Signup and view all the answers

What modern approach to logging is highlighted in the current situation of timber harvesting?

Implementation of systemic logging methods (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which timber harvesting method is best suited for challenging terrain?

Highlead Logging (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of shortwood systems in timber harvesting?

Residues are left at the stump. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which silvicultural system involves cutting all trees in a designated area at once?

Clearcutting (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is required before timber can be harvested from forest lands?

At least a 5% timber inventory. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In terms of log preparation methods, what characterizes tree-length systems?

Topped and delimbed trees are immediately transported. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which harvesting system is most environmentally impactful due to extensive land clearing?

Clearcutting (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of shortwood systems?

Requires more land for skid trails. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of timber harvesting does logging planning focus on?

The scheduling and monitoring of harvesting operations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a vertical split in a tree caused by insufficient undercutting?

Barber chair (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the area of ground surface covered by tree stems at one inch above the soil?

Basal Area (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bastard-sawn' refer to?

Wood cut with annual rings forming angles of 30 to 60 degrees (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'beam' in the context of timber?

A main horizontal timber support greater than 8 x 8 inches (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation involves leveling or cushioning the path for a falling tree?

Bed a Tree (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'board foot' measure?

1 foot wide, 1 foot long, and 1 inch thick of lumber (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a cutting supervisor in logging operations?

Bullbuck (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bucking' refer to in logging?

Cutting a felled tree into smaller logs or segments (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of defect on a cutting operation?

It affects costs and safety during logging. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dogs in logging?

To secure logs together or fasten them for skidding. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of a donkey in logging?

It is a portable engine equipped for dragging logs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'drag in' refer to in the logging process?

The action of bringing logs directly to the skidway. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a double-action shear in logging?

To fell trees using a scissor-like action. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'corner' refer to in timber felling?

Cutting through the sapwood on all sides of the tree. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'cull' in the context of timber?

A tree or log that is unmerchantable due to defects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'cutting cycle' in logging operations?

The planned time interval between major felling activities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Bull Block?

To act as a heavy support for donkey engines (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'Clearcutting' in forestry?

An area from which all timber has been cut (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Butt Swell' refer to in tree terminology?

The increased diameter at the base of a tree (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Carriage in logging operations?

To hold and advance logs during sawing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a Bummer used for in forestry?

Transporting logs with low wheels and a pole (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a Choker?

A noose attached to a log for skidding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Bunk' refer to in log transportation?

The cross-member on which logs rest (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options defines 'Bushel' in timber work?

A unit of volume measurement for felled timber (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Timber Harvesting Overview

Cutting: Felling standing trees and bucking them into logs.
Gathering: Minor transportation of logs from stumpsite to landing using skidding or yarding techniques.
Transporting: Major transportation involving loading logs onto trucks for haul to mills.

Historical Background

Pre-Spanish Period: Use of axes and carabaos for skidding logs, predating 1521.
Spanish Period (1521-1898): Limited innovations; increased demand due to shipbuilding.
American Period (1898-1935): Mechanization introduced; chainsaws, tractors, and cable logging became common.
Commonwealth Period (1935-1945): Continued using American logging methods without significant improvements.
Japanese Period (1941-1945): Intense timber exploitation; detrimental effects on forests due to war.
Present Situation (1946-present): Adoption of mechanized, systematic logging, focusing on sustainable practices.

Importance of Timber Harvesting

Major source of revenue and stable employment.
Supports growth in allied industries, including equipment manufacturing.
Enhances transportation and communication infrastructure.
Facilitates community settlement and improves social conditions.

Major Activities in Timber Harvesting

Felling: Cutting trees to allow them to fall.
Log Preparation: Prepping logs prior to processing.
Minor Transportation: Initial movement to a temporary area.
Major Transportation: Final movement to the mill.

Subsidiary Activities

Development of road transport networks.
Logging planning, scheduling, and monitoring harvesting operations.

Types of Timber Harvesting by Extraction Mode

Tractor Logging: Utilizes tractors to pull logs from the forest.
Highlead Logging: Suitable for steeper terrains, employing a highlead system.

Harvesting Systems by Log Preparation

Short Wood Systems: Trees are processed into lengths directly at the stump.
Tree-Length Systems: Trees are felled, delimbed, and topped before transportation.
Full-Tree Systems: Entire trees are moved without initial processing.

Timber Harvesting by Silvicultural System

Clearcutting: Removal of all trees in an area.
Selective Cutting: Only certain trees are harvested.
Shelterwood and Seed Tree Cutting: Techniques that involve creating conditions for new growth.

Regulations and Inventory

Timber Inventory Program: Conducted by the Bureau for assessing harvestable timber and young trees.
Required Inventory: No timber harvesting allowed without a minimum 5% inventory completed five years prior to licensing.

Shortwood and Tree-Length Systems

Shortwood Systems: Less adverse site impact but cannot support heavy loads on steep slopes.
Tree-Length Systems: Trees are processed at the stump, with considerations for "barber chair" and "basal area" defects.

Definitions and Terms

Barber Chair: A defect caused by improper cutting technique.
Board Foot: Measurement unit for timber; one board foot equals one square foot at an inch thick.
Butt Swell: Increased diameter at the base of a tree.
Culls: Non-merchantable trees/logs due to defects.

Logging Techniques and Equipment

Choker: Wire rope noose used to attach logs for skidding.
Donkey Engine: Portable engine used in logging for hauling.
Directional Felling: Felling trees in a designated direction to control falling.
Bucking: Cutting felled trees into smaller logs or bolts.

Defects and Operational Considerations

Defect Impact: Affects volume usable timber, costs, and safety.
Cutting Cycle: Interval planning for major felling operations in the same area.

These notes provide a concise yet comprehensive overview of timber harvesting processes, historical context, regulatory frameworks, and important terminology.

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Description

This quiz reviewer covers essential concepts in timber harvesting, including techniques for cutting, gathering, and transporting logs. It also provides historical insights into the practices used during the pre-Spanish period. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in forestry operations.