Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term for changes in behavior that contribute to resistance?
What is the term for changes in behavior that contribute to resistance?
What type of genetic variation can confer resistance by altering the structure of target proteins?
What type of genetic variation can confer resistance by altering the structure of target proteins?
What is the result of amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes?
What is the result of amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes?
What drives the increase in frequency of resistant alleles in a population?
What drives the increase in frequency of resistant alleles in a population?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the spread of resistant ticks and their genes?
What facilitates the spread of resistant ticks and their genes?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of diagnostic technique detects specific resistance-associated mutations?
What type of diagnostic technique detects specific resistance-associated mutations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of molecular diagnostics in monitoring resistance?
What is the purpose of molecular diagnostics in monitoring resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is used to assess the susceptibility of ticks to acaricides?
What is used to assess the susceptibility of ticks to acaricides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
What is the primary purpose of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of genetic changes in the genome of ticks?
What is the result of genetic changes in the genome of ticks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism of genetic resistance involves the alteration of binding sites on target proteins?
Which mechanism of genetic resistance involves the alteration of binding sites on target proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in genetic resistance?
What is the role of enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in genetic resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of genetic mutations on the sodium channel gene?
What is the effect of genetic mutations on the sodium channel gene?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of changes in the tick's cuticle?
What is the result of changes in the tick's cuticle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of genetic resistance that involves the upregulation of enzymes?
What is the primary mechanism of genetic resistance that involves the upregulation of enzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
What is the ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of bioassays in detecting resistance levels in field populations?
What is the main advantage of bioassays in detecting resistance levels in field populations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of rotating acaricides with different modes of action?
What is the purpose of rotating acaricides with different modes of action?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of biological control mentioned in the text?
What is an example of biological control mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the goal of genetic research and breeding in tick control?
What is the goal of genetic research and breeding in tick control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the cattle tick?
What is the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the cattle tick?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the mutation that confers pyrethroid resistance in the cattle tick?
What is the name of the mutation that confers pyrethroid resistance in the cattle tick?
Signup and view all the answers
In which regions have pyrethroid-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus populations been found?
In which regions have pyrethroid-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus populations been found?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using genetic research and breeding in tick control?
What is the main advantage of using genetic research and breeding in tick control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
What is the mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
Signup and view all the answers
Where has amitraz resistance been observed in Rhipicephalus sanguineus?
Where has amitraz resistance been observed in Rhipicephalus sanguineus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus?
What is the mechanism of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
What is the mechanism of avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
Signup and view all the answers
Where has avermectin resistance been discovered in Rhipicephalus microplus?
Where has avermectin resistance been discovered in Rhipicephalus microplus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of the mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
What is the effect of the mechanism of organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to bromophos in the American dog tick?
What is the primary mechanism of resistance to bromophos in the American dog tick?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
What is the significance of understanding genetic resistance in ticks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of genetic resistance in ticks?
What is the consequence of genetic resistance in ticks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of genetic research in mitigating the impact of tick resistance?
What is the role of genetic research in mitigating the impact of tick resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the importance of integrating chemical and non-chemical methods in pest management?
What is the importance of integrating chemical and non-chemical methods in pest management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the goal of developing effective management strategies for tick resistance?
What is the goal of developing effective management strategies for tick resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
Ticks develop resistance through genetic mutations in binding sites of acaricides on target proteins.
Ticks develop resistance through genetic mutations in binding sites of acaricides on target proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Metabolic resistance involves downregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Metabolic resistance involves downregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Reduced penetration is a mechanism of genetic resistance that works independently of other mechanisms.
Reduced penetration is a mechanism of genetic resistance that works independently of other mechanisms.
Signup and view all the answers
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies.
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance leads to the development of a single defense mechanism against acaricides.
Genetic resistance leads to the development of a single defense mechanism against acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Ticks can develop resistance through genetic changes that occur in the genome.
Ticks can develop resistance through genetic changes that occur in the genome.
Signup and view all the answers
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Bioassays are more precise than molecular methods in detecting resistance trends.
Bioassays are more precise than molecular methods in detecting resistance trends.
Signup and view all the answers
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of resistance.
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Fungal pathogens like Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have shown promise in controlling tick populations and contributing to resistance.
Fungal pathogens like Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have shown promise in controlling tick populations and contributing to resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Breeding tick-resistant livestock is not a promising strategy in controlling tick populations.
Breeding tick-resistant livestock is not a promising strategy in controlling tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
The kdr mutation prevents pyrethroids from binding effectively to potassium channels.
The kdr mutation prevents pyrethroids from binding effectively to potassium channels.
Signup and view all the answers
Pyrethroid resistance in cattle tick is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
Pyrethroid resistance in cattle tick is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop new acaricides.
The primary purpose of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop new acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic research and breeding are not effective in controlling tick populations.
Genetic research and breeding are not effective in controlling tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Behavioral resistance is a minor contributor to overall resistance patterns.
Behavioral resistance is a minor contributor to overall resistance patterns.
Signup and view all the answers
Avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus is due to mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells.
Avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus is due to mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells.
Signup and view all the answers
SNPs are associated with resistance to organophosphates.
SNPs are associated with resistance to organophosphates.
Signup and view all the answers
Organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus has been reported in populations in Southern Europe.
Organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus has been reported in populations in Southern Europe.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene amplification results in decreased production of detoxifying enzymes.
Gene amplification results in decreased production of detoxifying enzymes.
Signup and view all the answers
Continuous exposure to acaricides creates weak selection pressure.
Continuous exposure to acaricides creates weak selection pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
Amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus is due to the amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
Amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus is due to the amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
Signup and view all the answers
Organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus is due to the amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
Organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus is due to the amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
Signup and view all the answers
Molecular diagnostics are used to assess the susceptibility of ticks to acaricides.
Molecular diagnostics are used to assess the susceptibility of ticks to acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus has been discovered in populations in the United States.
Avermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus has been discovered in populations in the United States.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene flow occurs through the movement of livestock and wildlife.
Gene flow occurs through the movement of livestock and wildlife.
Signup and view all the answers
Bioassays are highly sensitive and can identify low-frequency resistant alleles in tick populations.
Bioassays are highly sensitive and can identify low-frequency resistant alleles in tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been observed in populations in Brazil and Mexico.
Amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been observed in populations in Brazil and Mexico.
Signup and view all the answers
The ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop more effective acaricides.
The ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop more effective acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Bromophos resistance in American dog ticks is due to a reduction in cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Bromophos resistance in American dog ticks is due to a reduction in cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance in ticks is not a significant challenge to effective pest management.
Genetic resistance in ticks is not a significant challenge to effective pest management.
Signup and view all the answers
Acaricides are a type of non-chemical method used in pest management.
Acaricides are a type of non-chemical method used in pest management.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of molecular diagnostics is to detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
The primary purpose of molecular diagnostics is to detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
Signup and view all the answers
The ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop more effective acaricides.
The ultimate goal of understanding genetic resistance in ticks is to develop more effective acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic research and breeding are not used in tick control.
Genetic research and breeding are not used in tick control.
Signup and view all the answers
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms can confer resistance by altering the binding sites on target proteins.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms can confer resistance by altering the binding sites on target proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene amplification results in decreased production of detoxifying enzymes.
Gene amplification results in decreased production of detoxifying enzymes.
Signup and view all the answers
Continuous exposure to acaricides reduces the frequency of resistant alleles in a population.
Continuous exposure to acaricides reduces the frequency of resistant alleles in a population.
Signup and view all the answers
Molecular diagnostics can only detect high-frequency resistant alleles in tick populations.
Molecular diagnostics can only detect high-frequency resistant alleles in tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Bioassays are used to detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
Bioassays are used to detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
Signup and view all the answers
Behavioral resistance is not crucial for understanding overall resistance patterns.
Behavioral resistance is not crucial for understanding overall resistance patterns.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene flow can introduce susceptible alleles into new populations, simplifying control efforts.
Gene flow can introduce susceptible alleles into new populations, simplifying control efforts.
Signup and view all the answers
Molecular diagnostics are essential for guiding management practices, but not for monitoring resistance.
Molecular diagnostics are essential for guiding management practices, but not for monitoring resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Ticks can develop resistance through genetic changes that occur in the environment.
Ticks can develop resistance through genetic changes that occur in the environment.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Target site modifications involve upregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Target site modifications involve upregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Reduced penetration is a mechanism of genetic resistance that works independently of other mechanisms.
Reduced penetration is a mechanism of genetic resistance that works independently of other mechanisms.
Signup and view all the answers
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Metabolic resistance involves downregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Metabolic resistance involves downregulation of enzymes that break down acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance leads to the development of multiple defense mechanisms against acaricides.
Genetic resistance leads to the development of multiple defense mechanisms against acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies.
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies.
Signup and view all the answers
Carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes break down organophosphates before they affect the tick's nervous system.
Carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes break down organophosphates before they affect the tick's nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
Mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells increase the effectiveness of amitraz on these receptors.
Mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells increase the effectiveness of amitraz on these receptors.
Signup and view all the answers
P-glycoprotein reduces the concentration of avermectin within the tick's body.
P-glycoprotein reduces the concentration of avermectin within the tick's body.
Signup and view all the answers
Bioassays are more precise than molecular methods in detecting resistance trends.
Bioassays are more precise than molecular methods in detecting resistance trends.
Signup and view all the answers
Fungal pathogens like Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana contribute to resistance in controlling tick populations.
Fungal pathogens like Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana contribute to resistance in controlling tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Organophosphate resistance has been reported in Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Africa.
Organophosphate resistance has been reported in Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Africa.
Signup and view all the answers
Breeding tick-resistant livestock is not a promising strategy in controlling tick populations.
Breeding tick-resistant livestock is not a promising strategy in controlling tick populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Amitraz resistance has been observed in Rhipicephalus sanguineus populations in North America.
Amitraz resistance has been observed in Rhipicephalus sanguineus populations in North America.
Signup and view all the answers
The kdr mutation prevents pyrethroids from binding effectively to potassium channels.
The kdr mutation prevents pyrethroids from binding effectively to potassium channels.
Signup and view all the answers
Avermectin resistance has been discovered in Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Europe.
Avermectin resistance has been discovered in Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Europe.
Signup and view all the answers
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of resistance.
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Genetic resistance is the ability of ticks to be affected by acaricides.
Signup and view all the answers
Ticks develop resistance through genetic mutations in binding sites of acaricides on target proteins.
Ticks develop resistance through genetic mutations in binding sites of acaricides on target proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Acaricides are effective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
In the American dog tick, increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolizes bromophos, increasing its toxic effects on the tick.
In the American dog tick, increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolizes bromophos, increasing its toxic effects on the tick.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic resistance in ticks presents a significant advantage to effective pest management.
Genetic resistance in ticks presents a significant advantage to effective pest management.
Signup and view all the answers
Integrating chemical and non-chemical methods can help mitigate the impact of tick resistance.
Integrating chemical and non-chemical methods can help mitigate the impact of tick resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Acaricides are ineffective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Acaricides are ineffective against ticks that have developed genetic resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies for tick resistance.
Understanding genetic resistance is essential for developing ineffective management strategies for tick resistance.
Signup and view all the answers
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of genetic resistance in ticks.
Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent the development of genetic resistance in ticks.
Signup and view all the answers
Fossil records show that the terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of the same type during the transition from the marine environment onto land.
Fossil records show that the terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of the same type during the transition from the marine environment onto land.
Signup and view all the answers
The Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the late Silurian period.
The Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the late Silurian period.
Signup and view all the answers
In the early Devonian, all fossil Acari now known belonged to the superorder Parasitiformes.
In the early Devonian, all fossil Acari now known belonged to the superorder Parasitiformes.
Signup and view all the answers
The fossil records of the Parasitiformes date to the early Devonian.
The fossil records of the Parasitiformes date to the early Devonian.
Signup and view all the answers
Mesostigmatid mites have stigmata above the coxae of the first pair of legs.
Mesostigmatid mites have stigmata above the coxae of the first pair of legs.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasitiform Trigynaspida may date to as early as the upper Jurassic.
The parasitiform Trigynaspida may date to as early as the upper Jurassic.
Signup and view all the answers
Studies of mitochondrial phylogeny have shown that the orders and classes of spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks diversified in the early Palaeozoic.
Studies of mitochondrial phylogeny have shown that the orders and classes of spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks diversified in the early Palaeozoic.
Signup and view all the answers
Entonyssus, Entophionyssus, and Mabuyonysus are parasites of rodents.
Entonyssus, Entophionyssus, and Mabuyonysus are parasites of rodents.
Signup and view all the answers
Most species of Mesostigmata are ectoparasites of birds and mammals.
Most species of Mesostigmata are ectoparasites of birds and mammals.
Signup and view all the answers
All Macronyssid mites are host-specific.
All Macronyssid mites are host-specific.
Signup and view all the answers
Sternosoma occurs only in domestic birds.
Sternosoma occurs only in domestic birds.
Signup and view all the answers
The protonymph and adult stages of Macronyssid mites do not feed.
The protonymph and adult stages of Macronyssid mites do not feed.
Signup and view all the answers
The genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance in dogs.
The genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance in dogs.
Signup and view all the answers
Dermanyssid mites are found in the respiratory tracts of mammals.
Dermanyssid mites are found in the respiratory tracts of mammals.
Signup and view all the answers
Pentastomids are up to 1.0 cm long.
Pentastomids are up to 1.0 cm long.
Signup and view all the answers
Halarachnid mites are found in the ears of domestic cattle.
Halarachnid mites are found in the ears of domestic cattle.
Signup and view all the answers
The oldest mite fossil is from the Cambrian period.
The oldest mite fossil is from the Cambrian period.
Signup and view all the answers
Entonyssid mites are found in the respiratory tract of mammals.
Entonyssid mites are found in the respiratory tract of mammals.
Signup and view all the answers
The advent of the Acari probably relates to the early part of the evolution of the arthropods.
The advent of the Acari probably relates to the early part of the evolution of the arthropods.
Signup and view all the answers
Mesostigmatid mites are generally small.
Mesostigmatid mites are generally small.
Signup and view all the answers
The class Pentastomida is a group of arthropods that resemble annelid worms.
The class Pentastomida is a group of arthropods that resemble annelid worms.
Signup and view all the answers
Androlaelaps, the poultry litter mite, is a parasite of wild birds.
Androlaelaps, the poultry litter mite, is a parasite of wild birds.
Signup and view all the answers
Mesostigmatid mites are generally small, with multiple small shields on the dorsal surface.
Mesostigmatid mites are generally small, with multiple small shields on the dorsal surface.
Signup and view all the answers
The majority of Mesostigmatid mites are ectoparasites of birds and mammals.
The majority of Mesostigmatid mites are ectoparasites of birds and mammals.
Signup and view all the answers
The Macronyssidae and Dermanyssidae are two minor families of veterinary interest.
The Macronyssidae and Dermanyssidae are two minor families of veterinary interest.
Signup and view all the answers
Only the deutonymph and adult stages of Macronyssidae feed.
Only the deutonymph and adult stages of Macronyssidae feed.
Signup and view all the answers
Members of the subfamily Halarachinae are found in the nasal sinuses and nasal passages of dogs.
Members of the subfamily Halarachinae are found in the nasal sinuses and nasal passages of dogs.
Signup and view all the answers
Raillietia is found in the ears of domestic cattle.
Raillietia is found in the ears of domestic cattle.
Signup and view all the answers
Mites of the family Entonyssidae are found in the respiratory tract of mammals.
Mites of the family Entonyssidae are found in the respiratory tract of mammals.
Signup and view all the answers
The legs of Mesostigmatid mites are short and positioned posteriorly.
The legs of Mesostigmatid mites are short and positioned posteriorly.
Signup and view all the answers
Androlaelaps, the poultry litter mite, is a parasite of rodents.
Androlaelaps, the poultry litter mite, is a parasite of rodents.
Signup and view all the answers
The terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of the same type during the transition from the marine environment onto land.
The terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of the same type during the transition from the marine environment onto land.
Signup and view all the answers
Pentastomids are found in the respiratory passages of vertebrates and resemble arachnids.
Pentastomids are found in the respiratory passages of vertebrates and resemble arachnids.
Signup and view all the answers
The genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance and occurs in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, and foxes.
The genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance and occurs in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, and foxes.
Signup and view all the answers
The fossil records indicate that the Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the late Devonian.
The fossil records indicate that the Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the late Devonian.
Signup and view all the answers
The oldest mite fossil is from the Cambrian period.
The oldest mite fossil is from the Cambrian period.
Signup and view all the answers
The superorder Acariformes dates to the late Cretaceous.
The superorder Acariformes dates to the late Cretaceous.
Signup and view all the answers
The family Rhinonyssidae consists of parasites of birds' nasopharynxes.
The family Rhinonyssidae consists of parasites of birds' nasopharynxes.
Signup and view all the answers
The order Trigynaspida dates to the upper Triassic.
The order Trigynaspida dates to the upper Triassic.
Signup and view all the answers
The class Pentastomida is a group of annelid worms.
The class Pentastomida is a group of annelid worms.
Signup and view all the answers
The orders and classes of spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks diversified in the early Palaeozoic.
The orders and classes of spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks diversified in the early Palaeozoic.
Signup and view all the answers
The genus Sternosoma occurs worldwide in various domestic and wild birds.
The genus Sternosoma occurs worldwide in various domestic and wild birds.
Signup and view all the answers
The terrestrial Acari colonized terrestrial environments as early as the late Devonian.
The terrestrial Acari colonized terrestrial environments as early as the late Devonian.
Signup and view all the answers
The family Laelapidae consists of blood-feeding parasites of snakes.
The family Laelapidae consists of blood-feeding parasites of snakes.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Ticks are significant ectoparasites affecting both animals and humans by transmitting various pathogens.
- Genetic resistance is the ability of organisms to withstand or survive the harmful effects of environmental or chemical agents due to genetic changes.
- Ticks develop resistance through several genetic mechanisms:
Mechanisms of Genetic Resistance
- Target Site Modifications: Genetic mutations alter the binding sites of acaricides on target proteins, reducing the efficacy of the chemicals.
- Metabolic Resistance: Enhanced detoxification involves upregulation of enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases, which break down acaricides.
- Reduced Penetration: Changes in the tick's cuticle can reduce the penetration of acaricides, limiting the amount of the chemical that reaches internal tissues.
- Behavioral Resistance: Changes in behavior, such as reduced time spent on treated surfaces or avoidance of treated animals, also contribute to resistance.
Genetic Basis of Resistance
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): SNPs are common genetic variations that confer resistance by altering the structure of target proteins.
- Gene Amplification: Amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes results in increased production of these enzymes, enhancing the tick's ability to metabolize acaricides.
Evolution and Spread of Resistance
- Selection Pressure: Continuous exposure to acaricides creates strong selection pressure, favoring resistant individuals.
- Gene Flow: Movement of livestock and wildlife facilitates the spread of resistant ticks and their genes, introducing resistant alleles into new populations.
Diagnostic and Management Approaches
- Molecular Diagnostics: Techniques like PCR and qPCR detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
- Bioassays: Bioassays involve exposing ticks to various concentrations of acaricides to assess their susceptibility.
Integrated Management Strategies
- Rotation of Acaricides: Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent or delay the development of resistance.
- Biological Control: Utilizing natural predators, parasitoids, and pathogens to control tick populations can reduce reliance on chemical acaricides.
- Genetic Research and Breeding: Advances in genetic research, such as genome sequencing and gene editing, can lead to new control methods. Breeding tick-resistant livestock is another promising strategy.
Examples of Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Pyrethroid Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as the kdr (knockdown resistance) mutation.
- Organophosphate Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Increased activity of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes.
- Amitraz Resistance in Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus): Mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells.
- Avermectin Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
- Bromophos Resistance in American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis): Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Ticks are significant ectoparasites affecting both animals and humans by transmitting various pathogens.
- Genetic resistance is the ability of organisms to withstand or survive the harmful effects of environmental or chemical agents due to genetic changes.
- Ticks develop resistance through several genetic mechanisms:
Mechanisms of Genetic Resistance
- Target Site Modifications: Genetic mutations alter the binding sites of acaricides on target proteins, reducing the efficacy of the chemicals.
- Metabolic Resistance: Enhanced detoxification involves upregulation of enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases, which break down acaricides.
- Reduced Penetration: Changes in the tick's cuticle can reduce the penetration of acaricides, limiting the amount of the chemical that reaches internal tissues.
- Behavioral Resistance: Changes in behavior, such as reduced time spent on treated surfaces or avoidance of treated animals, also contribute to resistance.
Genetic Basis of Resistance
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): SNPs are common genetic variations that confer resistance by altering the structure of target proteins.
- Gene Amplification: Amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes results in increased production of these enzymes, enhancing the tick's ability to metabolize acaricides.
Evolution and Spread of Resistance
- Selection Pressure: Continuous exposure to acaricides creates strong selection pressure, favoring resistant individuals.
- Gene Flow: Movement of livestock and wildlife facilitates the spread of resistant ticks and their genes, introducing resistant alleles into new populations.
Diagnostic and Management Approaches
- Molecular Diagnostics: Techniques like PCR and qPCR detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
- Bioassays: Bioassays involve exposing ticks to various concentrations of acaricides to assess their susceptibility.
Integrated Management Strategies
- Rotation of Acaricides: Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent or delay the development of resistance.
- Biological Control: Utilizing natural predators, parasitoids, and pathogens to control tick populations can reduce reliance on chemical acaricides.
- Genetic Research and Breeding: Advances in genetic research, such as genome sequencing and gene editing, can lead to new control methods. Breeding tick-resistant livestock is another promising strategy.
Examples of Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Pyrethroid Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as the kdr (knockdown resistance) mutation.
- Organophosphate Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Increased activity of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes.
- Amitraz Resistance in Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus): Mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells.
- Avermectin Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
- Bromophos Resistance in American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis): Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Ticks are significant ectoparasites affecting both animals and humans by transmitting various pathogens.
- Genetic resistance is the ability of organisms to withstand or survive the harmful effects of environmental or chemical agents due to genetic changes.
- Ticks develop resistance through several genetic mechanisms:
Mechanisms of Genetic Resistance
- Target Site Modifications: Genetic mutations alter the binding sites of acaricides on target proteins, reducing the efficacy of the chemicals.
- Metabolic Resistance: Enhanced detoxification involves upregulation of enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases, which break down acaricides.
- Reduced Penetration: Changes in the tick's cuticle can reduce the penetration of acaricides, limiting the amount of the chemical that reaches internal tissues.
- Behavioral Resistance: Changes in behavior, such as reduced time spent on treated surfaces or avoidance of treated animals, also contribute to resistance.
Genetic Basis of Resistance
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): SNPs are common genetic variations that confer resistance by altering the structure of target proteins.
- Gene Amplification: Amplification of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes results in increased production of these enzymes, enhancing the tick's ability to metabolize acaricides.
Evolution and Spread of Resistance
- Selection Pressure: Continuous exposure to acaricides creates strong selection pressure, favoring resistant individuals.
- Gene Flow: Movement of livestock and wildlife facilitates the spread of resistant ticks and their genes, introducing resistant alleles into new populations.
Diagnostic and Management Approaches
- Molecular Diagnostics: Techniques like PCR and qPCR detect specific resistance-associated mutations.
- Bioassays: Bioassays involve exposing ticks to various concentrations of acaricides to assess their susceptibility.
Integrated Management Strategies
- Rotation of Acaricides: Rotating acaricides with different modes of action can prevent or delay the development of resistance.
- Biological Control: Utilizing natural predators, parasitoids, and pathogens to control tick populations can reduce reliance on chemical acaricides.
- Genetic Research and Breeding: Advances in genetic research, such as genome sequencing and gene editing, can lead to new control methods. Breeding tick-resistant livestock is another promising strategy.
Examples of Genetic Resistance in Ticks
- Pyrethroid Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as the kdr (knockdown resistance) mutation.
- Organophosphate Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Increased activity of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes.
- Amitraz Resistance in Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus): Mutations in octopamine receptors in nerve cells.
- Avermectin Resistance in Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus): Amplification of the gene encoding P-glycoprotein.
- Bromophos Resistance in American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis): Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Mesostigmata
- A large group of mites, mostly predatory, but some species are ectoparasites of birds and mammals
- Stigmata are located above the coxae of the second, third, or fourth pairs of legs
- Typically large, with one large sclerotized shield on the dorsal surface and a series of smaller shields in the midline of the ventral surface
- Legs are long and positioned anteriorly
Families of Mesostigmata
- Macronyssidae: relatively large, blood-sucking ectoparasites of birds and mammals (e.g. Ornithonyssus, Ophionyssus)
- Dermanyssidae: blood-feeding ectoparasites of birds and mammals (e.g. Dermanyssus)
- Halarachinidae: mites found in mammals' respiratory tracts (e.g. Pneumonyssus)
- Entonyssidae: mites found in the respiratory tract of reptiles (e.g. Entonyssus, Entophionyssus, Mabuyonysus)
- Rhinonyssidae: mites found in birds' nasopharynxes (e.g. Sternosoma)
- Laelapidae: blood-feeding parasites of rodents (e.g. Hirstionyssus, Haemogamasus, Haemolaelaps, Echinolaelaps, Eulaelaps, Laelaps)
Class Pentastomida
- A strange class of aberrant arthropods
- Adults are found in the respiratory passages of vertebrates
- Resemble annelid worms rather than arthropods
- Genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance (e.g. adult parasites in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, and foxes)
Fossil Records of Acari
- First fossil records date back to the late Silurian-early Devonian periods (c.425 mya)
- Oldest mite fossil is from the Devonian (410 mya)
- Fossil records show that the Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the early to mid-Devonian
- Terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of different types at different times during the transition from the marine environment onto land
Mesostigmata
- A large group of mites, mostly predatory, but some species are ectoparasites of birds and mammals
- Stigmata are located above the coxae of the second, third, or fourth pairs of legs
- Typically large, with one large sclerotized shield on the dorsal surface and a series of smaller shields in the midline of the ventral surface
- Legs are long and positioned anteriorly
Families of Mesostigmata
- Macronyssidae: relatively large, blood-sucking ectoparasites of birds and mammals (e.g. Ornithonyssus, Ophionyssus)
- Dermanyssidae: blood-feeding ectoparasites of birds and mammals (e.g. Dermanyssus)
- Halarachinidae: mites found in mammals' respiratory tracts (e.g. Pneumonyssus)
- Entonyssidae: mites found in the respiratory tract of reptiles (e.g. Entonyssus, Entophionyssus, Mabuyonysus)
- Rhinonyssidae: mites found in birds' nasopharynxes (e.g. Sternosoma)
- Laelapidae: blood-feeding parasites of rodents (e.g. Hirstionyssus, Haemogamasus, Haemolaelaps, Echinolaelaps, Eulaelaps, Laelaps)
Class Pentastomida
- A strange class of aberrant arthropods
- Adults are found in the respiratory passages of vertebrates
- Resemble annelid worms rather than arthropods
- Genus Linguatula is of some veterinary significance (e.g. adult parasites in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, and foxes)
Fossil Records of Acari
- First fossil records date back to the late Silurian-early Devonian periods (c.425 mya)
- Oldest mite fossil is from the Devonian (410 mya)
- Fossil records show that the Acari had achieved a certain amount of diversity by the early to mid-Devonian
- Terrestrial Arachnida acquired respiratory organs of different types at different times during the transition from the marine environment onto land
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the importance of controlling tick populations and the challenges of genetic resistance to acaricides. Understand the mechanisms behind genetic resistance and its impact on developing effective management strategies.
