TIA and Seizure Management

A patient with a TIA is being evaluated in the emergency department. Which factor, if present, would necessitate hospitalization?

Following a mild stroke or TIA, what is the MOST appropriate initial antiplatelet strategy to reduce the risk of recurrent events?

When evaluating a patient with a suspected TIA, which imaging modality is MOST sensitive for detecting acute tissue damage to differentiate from stroke mimics?

A patient with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation presents with a TIA. Beyond guideline-directed medical management for modifiable risk factors, what is the MOST appropriate preventative treatment?

A patient experiences a first-time, unprovoked motor seizure. After initial assessment and stabilization, which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A patient experiencing a seizure presents with rhythmic movements in their hands and feet. Which lobe is MOST likely involved in this focal seizure?

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial neuroimaging choice for a patient presenting with a first-time seizure?

Which of the following historical details is LEAST relevant when evaluating a patient presenting with a seizure?

An elderly patient (>60 years old) presents with new-onset seizures. Considering the common etiologies in this age group, which of the following is the MOST likely cause?

A patient is observed to have a seizure characterized by lip smacking, chewing movements and unresponsiveness. After the event, they are confused and cannot recall the episode. Which area of the brain is MOST likely involved?

A patient experiencing seizures is undergoing diagnostic evaluation. An EEG is performed, but the results are inconclusive. What is the MOST appropriate next step in further classifying the patient's seizures?

A patient with a known seizure disorder on medication experiences a breakthrough seizure. Besides medication non-compliance, which of the following medications could potentially LOWER the seizure threshold?

A patient is suspected of having a seizure disorder. After initial investigations, a lumbar puncture is considered. In which of the following scenarios is a lumbar puncture MOST warranted?

Which of the following is the most common type of stroke in the United States?

A patient presents with sudden onset of right-sided weakness and speech difficulty. Which of the following conditions should be ruled out in the differential diagnosis, besides stroke?

Which of the following is the MOST critical action in the initial treatment of an acute ischemic stroke?

Which of the following is a significant risk factor specifically associated with hemorrhagic stroke?

In managing a patient with a hemorrhagic stroke, which of the following blood pressure ranges is generally targeted using IV medications such as labetalol or nicardipine?

Which of the following is the MOST common etiology of ischemic stroke?

What is the primary goal in the treatment of stroke?

Which of the following is a potential treatment for hemorrhagic stroke?

A patient presents with a witnessed seizure lasting 35 minutes. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause of status epilepticus?

A patient with a known seizure disorder is brought to the emergency department in status epilepticus. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial treatment?

A patient is diagnosed with epilepsy after experiencing two unprovoked seizures. According to the provided information, what is the MINIMUM time interval that must separate these seizures for a diagnosis of epilepsy?

An EEG is performed on a patient suspected of having a seizure disorder. Which finding on the EEG would be MOST indicative of abnormal electrical activity in the brain?

A patient experiences a single, unprovoked seizure. According to the guidelines, under which circumstance should the physician consider initiating anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy?

A patient has been seizure-free for two years while taking anti-epileptic medication. What is the MOST important factor to consider when contemplating medication withdrawal?

A patient presents with sudden onset of focal neurological deficits that resolve completely within 7 minutes. Brain imaging does not reveal any infarction. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the MOST important next step in managing a patient diagnosed with TIA?

Which component of the ABCD2 score assesses the duration of TIA symptoms?

Which of the following is the MOST crucial piece of information to gather when assessing a patient for a potential stroke?

A patient presents with acute onset of right arm weakness and difficulty speaking. Which of the following best describes this presentation?

The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is primarily used to:

According to the provided information, what is the interpretation time goal from triage to Non-Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) interpretation for a patient with suspected stroke?

Which of the following NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores would be MOST indicative of a severe stroke?

After determining a patient is having an ischemic stroke, what is the next immediate step?

Which antiplatelet regimen is recommended for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke?

In a patient who has experienced a stroke due to carotid artery disease, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is generally considered beneficial when the ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid stenosis is:

A patient presents with a sudden, severe headache described as 'the worst headache of my life,' accompanied by focal neurological deficits. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause, based on the information provided?

A young female patient with a family history of polycystic kidney disease and a history of smoking presents with a suspected cerebral aneurysm rupture. Which of these factors contributes MOST significantly to the ETIOLOGY of her condition?

During the management of a patient with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, what is the MOST important, initial blood pressure target to maintain, and why?

A patient diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) develops hydrocephalus. What intervention is MOST appropriate to manage this complication?

Which of the following medications is MOST specifically indicated to prevent vasospasm and improve outcomes in patients following a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?

A patient experiences a transient loss of consciousness. Which of the following findings would STRONGLY suggest syncope rather than a seizure?

Which of the following statements BEST describes the underlying pathophysiology of syncope?

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is characterized by which of the following?

A patient is diagnosed with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the brain and is being considered for treatment. Which of the following is a treatment modality for AVMs?

How does the pathophysiology of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) DIFFER from that of a cerebral aneurysm?

Seizure

Seizure Etiologies

Seizure: Initial Evaluation

First Seizure Workup

Seizure: EEG Importance

Seizure: Neuroimaging Preference

Focal Seizures

Temporal Lobe Seizure

TIA Hospitalization Criteria

Medication for Stroke/TIA Risk Reduction

TIA Urgent Evaluation

TIA Routine Management

Stroke (CVA) Definition

Status Epilepticus

Epilepsy

EEG

Provoked Seizure

Seizure treatment duration

Starting Anti-Epileptic Drugs

High Risk of Seizure Recurrence

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Etiology of TIA

TIA - RED FLAGS for future STROKE

Stroke

Ischemic Stroke

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke Risk Factors

Stroke Treatment Goals

tPA (Alteplase)

Hemorrhagic Stroke BP Control

Most Common Emboli Source?

Stroke Symptoms

Stroke Diagnosis: History & Exam

NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

NIHSS Severity Levels

Ischemic Stroke Initial Steps

STAT NCCT Brain Scan

rtPA

Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture

Symptoms of Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture

Treatment for Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Intracranial Hemorrhage Treatment

Syncope

Syncope risk factors

Syncope DDx

Syncope treatment