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Questions and Answers

Which dimension of McDonaldization emphasizes speed and efficiency in achieving a specific end?

  • Control
  • Efficiency (correct)
  • Predictability
  • Calculability

What does calculability in McDonaldization primarily focus on?

  • Quality over quantity
  • Counting and quantifying (correct)
  • Human judgment and creativity
  • Customized experiences

How does predictability manifest in McDonaldization according to Ritzer?

  • Diverse and unique customer experiences
  • Standardized products and services (correct)
  • Randomized service delivery
  • Increased uncertainty in consumer behavior

What role does technology play in the control dimension of McDonaldization?

<p>Replacing human judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implications of McDonaldization for employment?

<p>Leads to the replacement of human roles by machines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of calculability, which of the following technologies is highlighted as essential?

<p>Digital cameras (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'putting customers to work' concept imply in McDonaldization?

<p>Maximizing convenience through customer interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ritzer's concept of control in McDonaldization emphasizes which of the following?

<p>Eradicating unpredictability and uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of marriage is promoted in industrial societies?

<p>Monogamous marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'neolocal residence' in the context of marriage?

<p>Couples set up a household separate from their families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Cultural Learning Theory, how do humans typically acquire new skills?

<p>By imitating high-status individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the failure of Sir John Franklin's expedition?

<p>Lack of local environmental knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bilateral descent emphasize?

<p>Tracing lineage equally through both parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'intensive kinship' refer to in marriage and family structures?

<p>Complex family dynamics among monogamous couples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cultural evolution' indicate in human societies?

<p>The development of complex cultural solutions over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was unique about Franklin's expedition compared to others in arctic exploration?

<p>It was the best equipped in history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the size of the 'me' circle in the sociogram task indicate?

<p>An implicit measure of individualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was found to positively correlate with collectivistic thinking in the study?

<p>Percentage of farmland used for rice cultivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does restitutive law reflect in society?

<p>A solidarity that implies differences among individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Karl Marx's theories influence the understanding of culture and economic growth?

<p>Production relationships shape individual and cultural consciousness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of suicide occurs when an individual experiences social isolation?

<p>Egoistic suicide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the notable difference in social identity construction between rice and wheat farming societies?

<p>Rice farming fosters tighter social networks and collective identities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment was made in analyzing the loyalty and nepotism task results?

<p>Adjustment for GDP and pathogen prevalence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the forced division of labor?

<p>An imposed structure that disrupts individual roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of thinking was observed in people from rice cultivation provinces according to the sociogram task?

<p>Holistic thinking with smaller 'me' circles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the hive switch refer to?

<p>A mechanism promoting group cooperation and intergroup competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Weber, how should the social sciences approach the study of social behavior?

<p>Through interpretive analysis of subjective meanings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of suicide happens as a result of social overregulation?

<p>Fatalistic suicide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ascribed status from achieved status?

<p>Ascribed status is a position one is born into, whereas achieved status is based on individual choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was concluded about the impact of economic interests on social behavior in the study?

<p>They are one of many factors shaping social behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes anomic suicide according to Durkheim?

<p>Suicide occurring due to a sense of purposelessness after a sudden change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is totemism based on?

<p>A kinship system identifying with a common ancestor or symbol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Marx predict about capitalism in the 19th century?

<p>It would eventually decline due to periodic crises of over-production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the three decades from 1945 to 1975 contradict Marx’s predictions?

<p>Living standards improved and inequality decreased. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a post-industrial society according to the liberal theorists?

<p>Increased emphasis on manual labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Frederic Taylor’s theory of scientific management?

<p>Maximizing economic efficiency through rationalization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the 'deskilling' phenomenon described by Taylorist principles?

<p>Disempowerment and alienation of the worker. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the liberal theorists, what role do strong institutions play in industrial society?

<p>They facilitate pluralist democracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rise of computerization signify in the context of labor processes?

<p>More control for managers and routinization of tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two contradictory theories regarding the impact of scientific management on jobs?

<p>Upskilling versus deskilling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Thomas Hobbes argue is the condition of life in the state of nature?

<p>Life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Georg Simmel, how do modern urban societies differ from traditional feudal societies in terms of affiliations?

<p>Affiliations are voluntary, multiple, and overlapping in modern societies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social networks does Max Gluckman highlight in relation to societal cohesion?

<p>Social networks facilitate belonging through intermediate smaller groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'homophily' refer to in Simmel's analysis?

<p>The preference for creating supportive relationships with similar others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do small-scale societies face regarding market integration?

<p>They are largely self-sufficient and lack market norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Simmel’s concept of 'formal sociology' contribute to understanding social order?

<p>It focuses on patterns of interaction rather than societal structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle does Hobbes advocate for as a solution to the threats of self-preservation?

<p>Establishment of government through social contracts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of social networks, what does Simmel suggest about the role of urban settings?

<p>They enhance the acceptance of heterogeneity and difference. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bilateral descent

Tracing kinship through both parents equally.

Neolocal residence

Newly married couples establish a separate household.

Cultural learning

Humans learn by observing and copying others, especially successful ones.

Industrial Societies

Societies that are more wealthy than pre-industrial societies.

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Cultural evolution

Human capacity to develop complex solutions to environmental problems.

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Intensive Kinship

Changes in family structure as a result of social programs.

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Lost Explorer Experiment

Franklin expedition's failure due to lacking local knowledge despite advanced equipment.

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Monogamous Marriage

Having only one spouse at a time.

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Triad Task

A research method where participants draw a diagram of their social network, illustrating the relative size of their self-representation to their friends' representations.

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Individualism (implicit measure)

The tendency to prioritize personal goals and independence over group needs, measured by the size of the self-circle in social network diagrams.

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Rice cultivation & Collectivism

Societies heavily reliant on rice cultivation tend to be more collectivistic, emphasizing cooperation and group identity.

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Loyalty/Nepotism Task

A study examining the prevalence of loyalty and favoritism towards family and close associates.

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Marx's Materialism

The idea that dominant technologies and relations of production shape cultural norms and values.

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Holistic Thought

A way of thinking that emphasizes interconnectedness and relationships between things.

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Weber's Interpretive Approach

The concept that the impact of situations depends on the individual's subjective understanding and interpretation.

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Means of Production

The resources (e.g., land, tools, factories) and social relations involved in creating goods.

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McDonaldization Efficiency

Emphasis on rapid, effortless processes using technology. Streamlining production and consumption, often replacing workers with technology.

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McDonaldization Calculability

Focus on quantifiable aspects (quantity over quality) and speed in experiences, often using technology like computers for data analysis.

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McDonaldization Predictability

The desire for consistent, reliable, and familiar experiences (reduced uncertainty); using technologies (e.g., checklists) to ensure sameness.

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McDonaldization Control

Replacing human judgment and labor with machines. This leads to more structured and predictable outcomes, often also impacting worker tasks.

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Efficiency in McDonaldization

A drive for speed and ease of processes in both production and consumption.

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Calculability in McDonaldization

Prioritizing quantifiable factors (e.g. quantity over quality) and using technology to calculate, count, and track.

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Predictability in McDonaldization

Desire for consistency and routine in experiences using technology. A focus on sameness.

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Control in McDonaldization

Replacement of human judgment and labor with technology for more predictable outcomes, often creating a dependence on machines.

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Social Contract

An agreement between individuals to give up some natural rights in exchange for protection and order provided by a government.

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State of Nature

A hypothetical condition where there is no government or social order, and individuals are free to act as they please.

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Homophily

The tendency for individuals to associate with others who are similar to them in terms of social characteristics.

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Social Circles

Groups of individuals with shared interests or characteristics that connect them.

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Market Norms

Standards of behavior and judgement used in impersonal market transactions.

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Intermediate Groups

Smaller groups within larger societies that act as bridges between individuals and the larger society.

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Heterogeneous Societies

Societies with diverse groups of people with different backgrounds, values, and beliefs.

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Max Gluckman

An anthropologist who studied social networks and their role in maintaining social order.

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Anomie

A state of instability and disarray in a society or individual due to a breakdown of values, standards, or a lack of purpose.

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Forced Division of Labor

A division of labor that is not allowed to develop naturally and is instead imposed by external forces like traditions, castes, or social hierarchy.

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Egoistic Suicide

Suicide caused by an individual's extreme social isolation, lack of belonging, or feeling alienated from society.

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Altruistic Suicide

Suicide committed due to excessive loyalty and devotion to a group or cause, where an individual's identity is deeply intertwined with that of the group.

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Anomic Suicide

Suicide occurring as a result of major social disruptions or changes, such as sudden wealth loss or a major life event.

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Fatalistic Suicide

Suicide caused by oppressive social control or a feeling of being trapped and hopeless in a rigid, overregulated society.

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Totemism

A kinship system where members share a symbol, often a real or mythical ancestor, creature, or object, representing their group's identity.

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Hive Switch

A metaphorical switch in our brains that allows us to turn off individual competition and focus on group cooperation and intergroup competition.

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Marx's Prediction

Karl Marx believed capitalism would eventually collapse due to crises, worker exploitation, and growing inequality.

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The Three Glorious Decades

The period from 1945 to 1975 saw improved living standards, reduced inequality, and a strong focus on social welfare.

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Liberal Theory of Industrialization

This theory argues that industrialization leads to progress, social mobility, and a more rational and efficient society.

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Post-Industrial Society

A society characterized by a large service sector, high levels of education, and reliance on technology.

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Scientific Management (Taylorism)

A system that breaks down work into small, repetitive tasks to increase efficiency.

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Labor Process Theory

This theory argues that technology and management techniques can actually lead to deskilling and alienation in the workplace.

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Upskilling vs. Deskilling

Debate about whether advancements in technology actually lead to more skilled workers or make jobs simpler and less fulfilling.

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Intensification of Labor

An increase in the demands and pressures on workers, often due to technological advancements and a drive for higher productivity.

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Study Notes

Social Theory

  • Social theory encompasses various perspectives on how societies function and interact.
  • It delves into the relationships between individuals, groups, and institutions.
  • Exploring social structures, norms, and values is key to understanding societal dynamics.

Sociological Method

  • Different approaches exist for studying society, each with its own assumptions and methodologies.
  • The choice of method depends on the research question and the scope of the study.
  • Understanding the strengths and limitations of various approaches helps inform the research process.

Social Structures and Institutions

  • Social structures are the enduring patterns of social relationships and institutions in a society.
  • These structures shape and constrain individual behavior.
  • Institutions are established norms and patterned behaviors that provide stability and order in a society.

Culture and Beliefs

  • Culture encompasses a wide array of societal beliefs, values, and norms.
  • Culture plays a significant role in shaping individual behaviors and social interactions.
  • Understanding cultural differences is essential for analyzing societal variations.

Economic Systems and Social Structures

  • Economic systems and social structures are intertwined.
  • Economic factors significantly influence social stratification and inequality.
  • Economic opportunities and resources are often unequally distributed.

Social Inequalities

  • Social inequalities exist in all societies to varying degrees.
  • Inequality can be evaluated through several aspects of society, like class, gender, and ethnic background.
  • Societal issues and conflicts frequently arise due to differing advantages and disadvantages within society.

Social Change and Conflict

  • Societies continually experience change, both planned and unplanned.
  • Social conflict and change stem from differences and tensions among different social groups.
  • Examining various factors impacting social dynamics can result in a deeper understanding of how conflict arises.

Social Capital

  • Social capital refers to the resources, relationships, and trust within a social network.
  • It encompasses networks of individuals and institutions that can facilitate cooperation and mutual aid.
  • Factors like collective values, norms, and trust significantly influence social capital.

Globalization and Cultural Exchange

  • Globalization is a process of growing interconnectedness across societies.
  • Globalization fosters the exchange of ideas, values, and goods
  • Understanding the impacts of globalization on cultural exchange, while also critically examining its limitations is essential.

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