30 Questions
What are the two broad systems that exist to communicate and coordinate body functions?
Neural system and Endocrine system
Which hormone is responsible for redistributing energy sources (glucose, amino acids, lipids) and energy usage?
Cortisol
What type of hormones are Insulin, Glucagon, and Angiotensin II categorized as?
Peptides
In the Endocrine system, which hormones are transported in the circulation to act on distant tissues?
Amino Acid Hormones
What does it mean when hormones 'bind to specific receptors that have organ/tissue specific distributions'?
They have specificity in target cell response
Which hormone is NOT mentioned in the list of Peptides in the Endocrine system?
Glucocorticoids
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on gluconeogenesis?
Increase
What is the effect of hypothyroidism on serum glucose levels?
No effect
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on lipolysis?
Stimulation
What is the effect of hypothyroidism on proteolysis?
Decrease
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the autonomic nervous system?
Stimulation
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the action of catecholamines?
Increased sensitivity
What is the function of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the anterior pituitary?
Stimulates the release of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
What is the primary function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in females?
Stimulates the release of Estrogens and Progestins
What is the effect of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) on metabolic rate?
They increase metabolic rate
Where do Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) exert their metabolic effects?
In the cytosol of cells, where T4 is converted to T3
What is the negative feedback mechanism that regulates the release of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)?
Feedback inhibition at the pituitary level
What is the process by which Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) are released into the systemic circulation?
Through the systemic circulation
What is the role of catecholamine-H+ exchanger (VMAT1) in the synthesis of adrenaline?
Transports dopamine and norepinephrine into dense-core vesicles
What is the effect of adrenaline on insulin secretion and glucagon secretion?
Inhibits insulin secretion and stimulates glucagon secretion
What is the role of PNMT in the synthesis of epinephrine?
Converts norepinephrine to epinephrine
What is the effect of cortisol on the synthesis of epinephrine?
Up-regulates PNMT to drive the synthesis of epinephrine
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on the response to adrenaline?
Increases the expression of beta-adrenoreceptors
What is the effect of stress on the synthesis of epinephrine?
Amplifies the synthesis of epinephrine
Which hormone stimulates ovarian follicular cells to make estrogens and progestins?
GnRH
What is the target tissue of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)?
Ovarian follicular cells
Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone?
GnRH
What is the primary target of thyroid hormones in the body?
Muscle
Which of the following metabolic effects is associated with T4 and T3?
Increased protein synthesis in muscle
What is the impact of T4 and T3 on adipose tissue?
Mobilization of fatty acids
Test your knowledge on the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones such as T4 and T3. Learn about how these hormones influence gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and more. Explore the changes in metabolic rate and cellular activities associated with thyroid dysfunction.
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