Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Regulation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of peroxidase enzymes in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

  • To produce thyroxine-binding globulins
  • To regulate the release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream
  • To cleave T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin
  • To mediate the attachment of iodine to tyrosine (correct)

    • What is the result of inadequate iodine intake on the thyroid gland?

  • The thyroid gland atrophies
  • The thyroid gland enlarges and protrudes (correct)
  • The thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of T3 and T4
  • The thyroid gland stops producing thyroid hormones

    • What is the primary cause of cretinism or congenital hypothyroidism?

  • Hyperthyroidism during infancy
  • Thyroid gland atrophy
  • Genetic deficiency or maternal factors (correct)
  • Iodine deficiency during pregnancy

    • What is the primary symptom of exophthalmos in Grave's disease?

    <p>Protrusion of the eyeballs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of negative feedback in regulating thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>Thyroid hormones inhibit the production of TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for myxedema?

    <p>Iodine supplements or hormone replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Grave's disease?

    <p>Production of antibodies that mimic TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs)?

    <p>Bind to T3 and T4, regulating their levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Maturation of male reproductive organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the heart reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Release of local-acting digestive hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of leptin in the body?

    <p>Involved in the sensation of satiety and stimulation of increased energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone-producing glands arise from the mesoderm?

    <p>Those that produce steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholecalciferol in the body?

    <p>Precursor of vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone-producing structure is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for the synthesis of aldosterone?

    <p>Aldosterone synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the middle layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what are corticosteroids synthesized?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adrenal gland is related to the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the deep layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

    <p>Adrenal androgens and small amounts of estrogens and glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of a parathyroid gland tumor?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with hypersecretion of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of glucagon secreted by the pancreas?

    <p>Increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melatonin in the human body?

    <p>Regulates day/night cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreatic islets are responsible for insulin secretion?

    <p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pineal gland's location?

    <p>In the roof of the third ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is directly influenced by melatonin?

    <p>Resetting biological clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the acinar cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Production of digestive juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT stimulated by the hormone glucagon?

    <p>Reduction of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary actions of calcitonin on the skeleton?

    <p>Inhibits osteoclast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of calcitonin?

    <p>Parafollicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PTH increase calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>By increasing the absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the primary regulation mechanism for calcitonin secretion?

    <p>A negative feedback mechanism based on blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Prolonged muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the secretion of PTH?

    <p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Weak skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions does PTH not perform?

    <p>Inhibits osteoclast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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