40 Questions
What is the primary function of peroxidase enzymes in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
To mediate the attachment of iodine to tyrosine
What is the result of inadequate iodine intake on the thyroid gland?
The thyroid gland enlarges and protrudes
What is the primary cause of cretinism or congenital hypothyroidism?
Genetic deficiency or maternal factors
What is the primary symptom of exophthalmos in Grave's disease?
Protrusion of the eyeballs
What is the primary mechanism of negative feedback in regulating thyroid hormone levels?
Thyroid hormones inhibit the production of TRH
What is the primary treatment for myxedema?
Iodine supplements or hormone replacement therapy
What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Grave's disease?
Production of antibodies that mimic TSH
What is the primary function of thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs)?
Bind to T3 and T4, regulating their levels
What is the primary role of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Maturation of male reproductive organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics
Which hormone produced by the heart reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What is the primary function of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract?
Release of local-acting digestive hormones
Which structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy?
Placenta
What is the primary role of leptin in the body?
Involved in the sensation of satiety and stimulation of increased energy expenditure
Which hormone-producing glands arise from the mesoderm?
Those that produce steroid hormones
What is the primary function of cholecalciferol in the body?
Precursor of vitamin D
Which hormone-producing structure is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?
Ovaries
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation?
Adrenal medulla
What is necessary for the synthesis of aldosterone?
Aldosterone synthase
What hormone does the middle layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?
Cortisol
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
From what are corticosteroids synthesized?
Cholesterol
Which part of the adrenal gland is related to the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
What does the deep layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?
Adrenal androgens and small amounts of estrogens and glucocorticoids
What can be a result of a parathyroid gland tumor?
All of the above
Which symptom is not typically associated with hypersecretion of the sympathetic nervous system?
Bradycardia
Which statement best describes the function of glucagon secreted by the pancreas?
Increases blood glucose levels
What is the primary function of melatonin in the human body?
Regulates day/night cycles
Which cells in the pancreatic islets are responsible for insulin secretion?
Beta cells
Which of the following describes the pineal gland's location?
In the roof of the third ventricle
Which function is directly influenced by melatonin?
Resetting biological clock
What is the primary role of the acinar cells in the pancreas?
Production of digestive juices
Which process is NOT stimulated by the hormone glucagon?
Reduction of blood glucose levels
What is one of the primary actions of calcitonin on the skeleton?
Inhibits osteoclast activity
Which cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
How does PTH increase calcium levels in the blood?
By increasing the absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosal cells
Which statement describes the primary regulation mechanism for calcitonin secretion?
A negative feedback mechanism based on blood calcium levels
What are the symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism?
Prolonged muscle spasms
Which gland is responsible for the secretion of PTH?
Parathyroid gland
What is a common effect of hyperparathyroidism?
Weak skeletal muscles
Which of the following actions does PTH not perform?
Inhibits osteoclast activity
This quiz covers the process of thyroid hormone synthesis, including the formation of T3 and T4, and their regulation through negative feedback mechanisms.
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