Thyroid Hormone Preparations and Antithyroid Agents
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of Raloxifene in postmenopausal women?

  • Increases mineral absorption
  • Decreases vertebral fractures (correct)
  • Stimulates osteoclast activity
  • Enhances calcium excretion

    • What is the administration route for Denosumab?

  • Intramuscular weekly
  • Oral once daily
  • Intravenous every month
  • Subcutaneous every 6 months (correct)

    • Which form of calcitonin is known to be more potent?

  • Human calcitonin
  • Recombinant bovine calcitonin
  • Salmon calcitonin (correct)
  • Native calcitonin

    • What distinguishes Strontium ranelate in osteoporosis treatment?

    <p>Decreases osteoclastic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Sodium fluoride in relation to dental health?

    <p>Prevents tooth decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following β-Adrenoceptor antagonists is commonly used to manage hyperthyroidism-related cardiovascular stimulation?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immediate effect of iodide salts in treating thyroid crisis?

    <p>Inhibit release of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Radioactive Iodine (I-131) after administration?

    <p>8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key contraindication for the use of Radioactive Iodine?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone disorder is characterized by a gradual reduction in bone mass and increased fracture risk from minimal trauma?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable effect does the prolonged use of iodide salts have on thyroid function?

    <p>Diminishing effects after 10-15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the abnormal mineralization of new bone matrix in osteomalacia?

    <p>Vitamin D deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum effect duration after administration of Radioactive Iodine to treat thyroid conditions?

    <p>2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for thyroid hormone replacement in patients with hypothyroidism?

    <p>Levothyroxine sodium (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of excess thyroid hormone?

    <p>Thyrotoxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered the drug of choice during pregnancy and lactation for treating hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments can be used for hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Surgical removal of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Levothyroxine (T4)?

    <p>One week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from the use of thioamide drugs in patients?

    <p>Agranulocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition in children is primarily caused by vitamin D deficiency?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of antidote drugs like Carbimazole and Methimazole?

    <p>Reduce thyroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacologic agents are known to inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In elderly patients with hypothyroidism, why is a low initial dose of thyroid hormone recommended?

    <p>Potential for myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of teriparatide in bone treatment?

    <p>It stimulates bone formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common reason for osteomalacia in adults?

    <p>Excessive calcium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of bisphosphonates?

    <p>To inhibit bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estrogen in bone health?

    <p>Reduces osteoclast formation and activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method to manage hypercalcemia associated with cancer?

    <p>Pamidronate or zoledronic acid IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bisphosphonate was the first approved for osteoporosis treatment?

    <p>Alendronate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Hormone Preparations

    • Levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3) are synthetic thyroid hormone preparations.
    • Levothyroxine is the drug of choice for thyroid hormone replacement in patients with hypothyroidism.
    • Both T4 and T3 are well absorbed orally.
    • Levothyroxine has a half-life of one week, while liothyronine has a half-life of two days.
    • Elderly patients or those with ischemic heart disease should receive low initial doses of levothyroxine with slow increases to prevent angina or myocardial infarction.
    • Excess thyroid hormone can lead to the clinical features of thyrotoxicosis.

    Antithyroid Agents

    • Antithyroid agents used to treat hyperthyroidism include thioamide drugs, β-adrenoceptor antagonists, iodide salts, and radioactive iodine (RAI).
    • Thioamide drugs, such as carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil (PTU), inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis.
    • Propylthiouracil is the preferred drug during pregnancy and lactation.
    • Thioamide drugs are given orally and can cross the placenta and are secreted in breast milk.
    • Common adverse effects of thioamide drugs include hypothyroidism, goiter enlargement, and agranulocytosis.
    • β-adrenoceptor antagonists, such as propranolol, are used to reduce cardiovascular stimulation associated with hyperthyroidism and in thyroid storm.
    • Iodide salts, like potassium iodide tablets and Lugol solution, have an immediate reducing effect on thyroid hormone release and are used in thyroid crisis.
    • Radioactive iodine (I-131) is a colorless, tasteless solution of sodium iodide that is rapidly absorbed from the gut and concentrated by the thyroid gland.
    • I-131 emits β-particles that destroy thyroid tissue.
    • RAI is the definitive treatment for relapsed Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic solitary nodule.
    • RAI is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation.
    • The effect of RAI on the thyroid takes several weeks to develop, with the maximum effect occurring after two months.

    Drugs Affecting Calcium and Bone

    • Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder, characterized by reduced bone mass leading to fractures.
    • Osteomalacia is characterized by abnormal mineralization of new bone matrix, often caused by vitamin D deficiency.
    • Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are essential for bone formation in children and to prevent osteoporosis in adults.
    • Calcium-rich foods, primarily dairy products, and supplements can help meet these requirements.

    Pharmacologic Agents affecting Bone

    • Bisphosphonates (etidronate, alendronate, pamidronate, risedronate, tiludronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts.
    • Alendronate is the first bisphosphonate approved for osteoporosis treatment.
    • Bisphosphonates are used for several disorders, including Paget disease, hypercalcemia, and osteolytic bone lesions from cancer.
    • Estrogen and raloxifene reduce bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast formation and activation.
    • Denosumab inactivates gene transcription required for osteoclast viability and function, offering a unique approach to osteoporosis treatment.
    • Calcitonin, available as salmon calcitonin or recombinant human calcitonin, inhibits osteoclast activity and decreases bone turnover.
    • Teriparatide is a recombinant form of human PTH that stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts.
    • Strontium ranelate inhibits bone resorption and increases bone formation.
    • Fluoride is used to prevent tooth decay, replacing hydroxyl groups in calcium phosphate salts with fluoride to form fluorapatite, which is more resistant to erosion.

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    Pharmacology Of Thyroid Hormone 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts related to thyroid hormone preparations, specifically levothyroxine and liothyronine, along with antithyroid agents used to manage hyperthyroidism. Test your knowledge on their mechanisms, uses, and important considerations in different patient populations.

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