Endocrine: Thyroid Gland
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?

  • Stimulate sympathetic nervous systems
  • Control cell metabolism
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Regulate blood calcium levels (correct)

    • What is the dietary source required for T4 and T3 synthesis?

  • Iron
  • Calcium
  • Iodine (correct)
  • Vitamin D

    • What is the percentage of thyroid hormones carried in plasma bound to protein?

  • 50%
  • >99% (correct)
  • 80%
  • 75%

    • What is the effect of thyroid hormone on osteoclast activity and bone resorption?

    <p>Stimulate osteoclast activity and bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Graves' disease?

    <p>Autoimmune mediation through TSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of Graves' disease compared to hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Bulging eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Toxic Nodular Goiter (TNG)?

    <p>Non-autoimmune nodular growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on cell metabolism?

    <p>Increase cell metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased thyroid hormone secretion on the body's metabolic rate?

    <p>Decrease in metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the thyroid gland that leads to the release of thyroid hormones into the circulation?

    <p>Thyroiditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of bradycardia in hypothyroidism?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Decrease in gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the thyroid epithelium in Graves' disease?

    <p>Tall, columnar shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal protrusion of the eyeball in Graves' disease?

    <p>Exophthalmos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on lipolysis?

    <p>Decrease in lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of constipation in hypothyroidism?

    <p>Decreased gut motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring heart rate and blood pressure in patients with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>To prevent cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the colloid in Graves' disease?

    <p>Depleted, scalloped, watery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on the kidneys?

    <p>Decrease in GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment option for hyperthyroidism that involves surgical removal of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroidectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on neurological function?

    <p>Deterioration in cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothyroidism on bone resorption?

    <p>Decrease in bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal release of thyroid hormones into the circulation due to over-treatment with thyroid hormones?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the thyroid follicles in normal thyroid tissue?

    <p>Variation in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the state of thyroid function during severe illness?

    <p>Sick Euthyroid Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continuing inflammatory cell damage to thyroid follicular cells?

    <p>Hurthle cell change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue?

    <p>Hashimoto thyroiditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cell change that occurs in thyroid follicular cells as a result of continuing inflammatory cell damage?

    <p>Hurthle cell change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the therapy used to treat Hashimoto thyroiditis?

    <p>Thyroxine Replacement Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the lymphoid follicles in Hashimoto thyroiditis?

    <p>Large, active germinal centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eventual outcome of the replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue in Hashimoto thyroiditis?

    <p>Replacement of thyroid tissue with scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'sick euthyroid'?

    <p>It represents a state of thyroid function appropriate for a sick individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical sick euthyroid, what is the likely effect on circulating T3 levels?

    <p>Reduced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following thyroid function tests would be most useful in distinguishing primary hypothyroidism from a sick euthyroid?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring thyroid autoantibodies in a diagnostic workout?

    <p>To identify autoimmune thyroid disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carrier proteins is typically measured in a diagnostic workout to assess thyroid hormone binding?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a sick euthyroid, what is the likely effect on free T4 (fT4) levels?

    <p>Low fT4 due to reduced synthesis of serum binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thyroid binding proteins, such as TBG, in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders?

    <p>To transport thyroid hormones in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Gland Overview

    • Produces T4 and T3 (major hormones) and calcitonin (responsive to blood calcium levels)
    • T4 and T3 synthesis requires iodine (dietary source)
    • Major functions:
      • Body metabolism
      • Regulates body temperature
      • Growth and development

    Thyroid Functions

    • Burn calories to energy
    • Control cell replacement and produce heat, increasing body temperature
    • Stimulate sympathetic nervous systems (alertness, responsiveness, reflexes)
    • Increase gut motility
    • Increase oxygen demand
    • Increase heart rate
    • Stimulate brain development
    • Act on bone to stimulate osteoclast activity and bone resorption

    Hypothyroidism

    • Causes:
      • Graves' disease (autoimmune-mediated)
      • Toxic Nodular Goiter (non-autoimmune-mediated)
      • Thyroiditis (inflammation of the gland)
      • Excess dietary iodine
      • Over-treatment with thyroid hormones
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
      • Similar to hyperthyroidism with additional unique features
    • Treatments and interventions:
      • Anti-thyroid medications
      • Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG
      • Educate about medication
      • Monitor thyroid storm
      • Sedatives or cooling blanket
      • Thyroidectomy

    Hypothyroidism

    • Causes:
      • Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune-mediated)
      • Iodine deficiency
      • Pituitary tumor (no TSH stimulation)
      • Complications from long-term anti-thyroid medications for hyperthyroidism
    • Pathophysiological changes:
      • Decreased oxygen demand
      • Reduced burning of calories
      • Reduced gut motility
      • Reduced cardiac output
      • Reduced peripheral blood circulation
      • Reduced body temperature
      • Affecting neurological function, kidney function, and lipolysis
    • Treatments:
      • Thyroxine replacement therapy

    Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

    • Microscopic features:
      • Lymphoid follicles with germinal center and lymphocyte infiltration
      • Replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue
    • "Hurthle" cell or "Oxyphil" cell changes:
      • Larger cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and enlarged nuclei

    Sick Euthyroid Syndrome

    • Definition: Reduced thyroid function in non-thyroidal diseases
    • Characteristics:
      • Reduced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
      • Reduced level of circulating T3
      • Normal or raised total T4 levels
      • Low free T4 levels
      • Absence of raised TSH excludes primary hypothyroidism
    • Thyroid function tests:
      • Blood level of TSH, total T4, total T3, free T4, and free T3
      • Thyroid autoantibodies for diagnostic workup

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    Pathology of Endocrine Systems (Thyroid) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the functions of the thyroid gland, including the production of hormones such as T4 and T3, and its role in regulating body metabolism, temperature, and growth development. It also touches on the importance of iodine in T4 and T3 synthesis.

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