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What is the primary function of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?
What is the dietary source required for T4 and T3 synthesis?
What is the percentage of thyroid hormones carried in plasma bound to protein?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on osteoclast activity and bone resorption?
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What is the mechanism of Graves' disease?
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What is a unique feature of Graves' disease compared to hyperthyroidism?
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What is the characteristic of Toxic Nodular Goiter (TNG)?
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What is the effect of thyroid hormone on cell metabolism?
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What is the effect of decreased thyroid hormone secretion on the body's metabolic rate?
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What is the term for inflammation of the thyroid gland that leads to the release of thyroid hormones into the circulation?
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What is the cause of bradycardia in hypothyroidism?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on gluconeogenesis?
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What is the characteristic feature of the thyroid epithelium in Graves' disease?
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What is the term for the abnormal protrusion of the eyeball in Graves' disease?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on lipolysis?
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What is the cause of constipation in hypothyroidism?
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What is the purpose of monitoring heart rate and blood pressure in patients with hyperthyroidism?
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What is the characteristic feature of the colloid in Graves' disease?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on the kidneys?
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What is the treatment option for hyperthyroidism that involves surgical removal of the thyroid gland?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on neurological function?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on bone resorption?
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What is the term for the abnormal release of thyroid hormones into the circulation due to over-treatment with thyroid hormones?
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What is the characteristic feature of the thyroid follicles in normal thyroid tissue?
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What is the term used to describe the state of thyroid function during severe illness?
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What is the result of continuing inflammatory cell damage to thyroid follicular cells?
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What is characterized by replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue?
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What is the name of the cell change that occurs in thyroid follicular cells as a result of continuing inflammatory cell damage?
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What is the term used to describe the therapy used to treat Hashimoto thyroiditis?
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What is the characteristic feature of the lymphoid follicles in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
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What is the eventual outcome of the replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
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What is the significance of the term 'sick euthyroid'?
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In a typical sick euthyroid, what is the likely effect on circulating T3 levels?
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Which of the following thyroid function tests would be most useful in distinguishing primary hypothyroidism from a sick euthyroid?
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What is the purpose of measuring thyroid autoantibodies in a diagnostic workout?
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Which of the following carrier proteins is typically measured in a diagnostic workout to assess thyroid hormone binding?
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In a sick euthyroid, what is the likely effect on free T4 (fT4) levels?
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What is the primary role of thyroid binding proteins, such as TBG, in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland Overview
- Produces T4 and T3 (major hormones) and calcitonin (responsive to blood calcium levels)
- T4 and T3 synthesis requires iodine (dietary source)
- Major functions:
- Body metabolism
- Regulates body temperature
- Growth and development
Thyroid Functions
- Burn calories to energy
- Control cell replacement and produce heat, increasing body temperature
- Stimulate sympathetic nervous systems (alertness, responsiveness, reflexes)
- Increase gut motility
- Increase oxygen demand
- Increase heart rate
- Stimulate brain development
- Act on bone to stimulate osteoclast activity and bone resorption
Hypothyroidism
- Causes:
- Graves' disease (autoimmune-mediated)
- Toxic Nodular Goiter (non-autoimmune-mediated)
- Thyroiditis (inflammation of the gland)
- Excess dietary iodine
- Over-treatment with thyroid hormones
- Signs and symptoms:
- Bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
- Similar to hyperthyroidism with additional unique features
- Treatments and interventions:
- Anti-thyroid medications
- Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG
- Educate about medication
- Monitor thyroid storm
- Sedatives or cooling blanket
- Thyroidectomy
Hypothyroidism
- Causes:
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune-mediated)
- Iodine deficiency
- Pituitary tumor (no TSH stimulation)
- Complications from long-term anti-thyroid medications for hyperthyroidism
- Pathophysiological changes:
- Decreased oxygen demand
- Reduced burning of calories
- Reduced gut motility
- Reduced cardiac output
- Reduced peripheral blood circulation
- Reduced body temperature
- Affecting neurological function, kidney function, and lipolysis
- Treatments:
- Thyroxine replacement therapy
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
- Microscopic features:
- Lymphoid follicles with germinal center and lymphocyte infiltration
- Replacement of thyroid tissue with lymphoid tissue
- "Hurthle" cell or "Oxyphil" cell changes:
- Larger cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and enlarged nuclei
Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
- Definition: Reduced thyroid function in non-thyroidal diseases
- Characteristics:
- Reduced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
- Reduced level of circulating T3
- Normal or raised total T4 levels
- Low free T4 levels
- Absence of raised TSH excludes primary hypothyroidism
- Thyroid function tests:
- Blood level of TSH, total T4, total T3, free T4, and free T3
- Thyroid autoantibodies for diagnostic workup
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Description
This quiz covers the functions of the thyroid gland, including the production of hormones such as T4 and T3, and its role in regulating body metabolism, temperature, and growth development. It also touches on the importance of iodine in T4 and T3 synthesis.
