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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is responsible for actively transporting thyroid hormones across the cell membrane?
Which of the following is responsible for actively transporting thyroid hormones across the cell membrane?
- G protein coupled receptor
- Receptor tyrosine kinases
- Transmembrane transporter (correct)
- None of the above
What is the main function of hormone-receptor complexes formed by thyroid hormones and intracellular Thyroid Receptors (TRα/TRβ)?
What is the main function of hormone-receptor complexes formed by thyroid hormones and intracellular Thyroid Receptors (TRα/TRβ)?
- Inhibit gene expression
- Promote gene expression (correct)
- Activate G protein signaling
- Block transcription factors
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?
- Tiredness
- Protruding eyes (correct)
- Decreased body temperature
- Weight gain
Which of the following can lead to hypo- and hyper-thyroidism?
Which of the following can lead to hypo- and hyper-thyroidism?
Which of the following is a long-term effect associated with hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is a long-term effect associated with hypothyroidism?
Which hormone is Levothyroxine, a treatment for hypothyroidism, a synthetic analogue of?
Which hormone is Levothyroxine, a treatment for hypothyroidism, a synthetic analogue of?
Which gland secretes hormones that impact the health and disease of the thyroid?
Which gland secretes hormones that impact the health and disease of the thyroid?
What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
Which part of the body is responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
Which part of the body is responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback loops in thyroid hormone physiology?
What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback loops in thyroid hormone physiology?
What is the purpose of the lecture on thyroid hormone physiology?
What is the purpose of the lecture on thyroid hormone physiology?
What is the function of the thyroid hormone circulation?
What is the function of the thyroid hormone circulation?
Which artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?
Which artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?
Which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain to?
Which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain to?
Which nerve innervates the larynx?
Which nerve innervates the larynx?
Where does the initial lymphatic drainage of the thyroid go?
Where does the initial lymphatic drainage of the thyroid go?
Which cells are responsible for the uptake of iodide and secretion of thyroid hormones?
Which cells are responsible for the uptake of iodide and secretion of thyroid hormones?
Which step in thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodotyrosil coupling?
Which step in thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodotyrosil coupling?
Which chapter provides a more in-depth coverage of the material discussed in the lecture?
Which chapter provides a more in-depth coverage of the material discussed in the lecture?
Which edition of the book is mentioned in the text?
Which edition of the book is mentioned in the text?
Which publisher published the book mentioned in the text?
Which publisher published the book mentioned in the text?
What is the ISBN of the book mentioned in the text?
What is the ISBN of the book mentioned in the text?
Where can you find a feedback questionnaire for this lecture?
Where can you find a feedback questionnaire for this lecture?
How long does it take to complete the feedback questionnaire?
How long does it take to complete the feedback questionnaire?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the production of thyroglobulin?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the production of thyroglobulin?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the coupling of iodotyrosil residues to form monoiodotyrosil (MIT) or di-iodotyrosil (DIT)?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the coupling of iodotyrosil residues to form monoiodotyrosil (MIT) or di-iodotyrosil (DIT)?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the breakdown of thyroglobulin, releasing T3 and T4?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis involves the breakdown of thyroglobulin, releasing T3 and T4?
Which enzyme is responsible for the coupling of iodotyrosil residues during thyroid hormone synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the coupling of iodotyrosil residues during thyroid hormone synthesis?
Which form of thyroid hormone is considered metabolically inactive?
Which form of thyroid hormone is considered metabolically inactive?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis does thyroid peroxidase (TPO) NOT participate in?
Which step of thyroid hormone synthesis does thyroid peroxidase (TPO) NOT participate in?
What is the primary focus of this section on thyroid hormones?
What is the primary focus of this section on thyroid hormones?
What distinguishes thyroid hormones from other hormones?
What distinguishes thyroid hormones from other hormones?
What will be covered in this section on thyroid hormones?
What will be covered in this section on thyroid hormones?
What is the learning outcome of this section on thyroid hormones?
What is the learning outcome of this section on thyroid hormones?
Which artery supplies blood to the superior part of the thyroid gland?
Which artery supplies blood to the superior part of the thyroid gland?
What is the main venous drainage pathway for the inferior thyroid gland?
What is the main venous drainage pathway for the inferior thyroid gland?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the thyroid gland?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the thyroid gland?
What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Which nerve is potentially damaged during thyroid surgery?
Which nerve is potentially damaged during thyroid surgery?
Why is it important to check the lymph nodes if thyroid cancer is suspected?
Why is it important to check the lymph nodes if thyroid cancer is suspected?
Where does the lymphatic drainage from the thyroid primarily occur?
Where does the lymphatic drainage from the thyroid primarily occur?
What is the main function of the follicular cells in the thyroid?
What is the main function of the follicular cells in the thyroid?
Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of thyroglobulin and the release of T3 and T4?
Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of thyroglobulin and the release of T3 and T4?
What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone released into the blood?
What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone released into the blood?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3?
What is the main reason for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the tissues?
What is the main reason for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the tissues?
Which proteins act as carrier proteins for thyroid hormones?
Which proteins act as carrier proteins for thyroid hormones?
How do bound thyroid hormones differ from free thyroid hormones?
How do bound thyroid hormones differ from free thyroid hormones?
How do thyroid hormones move through the body?
How do thyroid hormones move through the body?
How are thyroid hormones different from steroid hormones in terms of membrane passage?
How are thyroid hormones different from steroid hormones in terms of membrane passage?
Which major artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?
Which major artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?
What is the name of the protein produced by the Golgi and pushed out into the colloid?
What is the name of the protein produced by the Golgi and pushed out into the colloid?
What is the function of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
What is the function of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
What is the product of coupling of iodotyrosil residues by TPO during thyroid hormone synthesis?
What is the product of coupling of iodotyrosil residues by TPO during thyroid hormone synthesis?
Which of the following is true about thyroid hormones and steroid hormones?
Which of the following is true about thyroid hormones and steroid hormones?
What is the role of a transmembrane transporter in the passage of thyroid hormones across the membrane?
What is the role of a transmembrane transporter in the passage of thyroid hormones across the membrane?
What happens to thyroid hormones once they are across the membrane?
What happens to thyroid hormones once they are across the membrane?
Why can't thyroid hormones pass through the membrane on their own?
Why can't thyroid hormones pass through the membrane on their own?
What is the difference between thyroid hormones and thyroid globulin in terms of membrane passage?
What is the difference between thyroid hormones and thyroid globulin in terms of membrane passage?
What is the main reason why thyroid hormones require a transmembrane transporter for membrane passage?
What is the main reason why thyroid hormones require a transmembrane transporter for membrane passage?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Hormone Transport and Function
- Transmembrane transporters are crucial for actively transporting thyroid hormones across the cell membrane.
- Hormone-receptor complexes formed by thyroid hormones and intracellular thyroid receptors (TRα/TRβ) regulate gene expression, influencing metabolism and development.
Conditions Related to Thyroid Function
- Hyperthyroidism symptoms include weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety.
- Causes of hypo- and hyperthyroidism include autoimmune diseases, iodine deficiency, and medication side effects.
- Long-term effects associated with hypothyroidism can lead to developmental delays and cognitive impairments in children.
Hormone Treatments and Glands
- Levothyroxine, a synthetic analogue of thyroxine (T4), is used to treat hypothyroidism.
- The pituitary gland regulates thyroid function by secreting Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Thyroid Gland Functions and Physiology
- The main function of the thyroid gland is to synthesize and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
- Synthesis of thyroid hormones occurs primarily in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback loops regulate thyroid hormone levels, maintaining homeostasis.
- Circirculation of thyroid hormones ensures their distribution and action throughout the body.
Blood Supply and Innervation
- The inferior thyroid artery typically branches from the thyrocervical trunk, supplying the thyroid gland.
- The superior thyroid vein drains into the internal jugular vein.
- The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the larynx, controlling vocal cord function; it is at risk during thyroid surgery.
Lymphatic Drainage and Cancer Considerations
- Initial lymphatic drainage from the thyroid goes to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
- Checking lymph nodes is crucial when thyroid cancer is suspected to assess the spread of malignancy.
Hormone Synthesis and Iodine Uptake
- Follicular cells uptake iodide and are responsible for secreting thyroid hormones.
- Thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodotyrosil coupling, where iodotyrosil residues couple to form MIT or DIT.
- Breakdown of thyroglobulin releases T3 and T4, catalyzed by specific enzymes, primarily thyroid peroxidase (TPO).
Metabolism and Conversion of Thyroid Hormones
- T4 is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream but is metabolically inactive; it is converted to the active T3 form in tissues.
- Conversion of T4 to T3 allows for proper metabolic functioning and regulation in target cells.
Transport Proteins and Membrane Passage
- Carrier proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transport thyroid hormones in the bloodstream.
- Bound thyroid hormones remain inactive, while free hormones can actively exert biological effects.
Differences in Hormone Transport
- Thyroid hormones require transmembrane transporters due to their inability to pass through the lipid bilayer independently, differing from steroid hormones that can freely diffuse.
- Thyroid hormones are generated and secreted in inactive forms, necessitating conversion and transport via specialized proteins for functionality.
Feedback and Learning Outcomes
- This section of study focuses on understanding thyroid hormone physiology, their synthesis, function, and the regulatory mechanisms involved.
- Students are expected to grasp the significance of maintaining thyroid hormone levels within normal physiological ranges for overall health.
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