51 Questions
Which region of the chromosome is designated as 'p'?
The short chromosome arm
Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S
What is the function of the G1 checkpoint control mechanism?
To ensure that everything is ready for DNA synthesis
Which proteins control the cell cycle?
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks)
Which chromosome type has a centromere that is more central?
Metacentric
What is the abbreviation for the resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing?
G0
Which checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide?
G2 checkpoint
What is the abbreviation for the phase of the cell cycle where cell growth stops and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells?
M
Which chromosome type has a centromere that is less central?
Acrocentric
Which region of the chromosome is designated as 'q'?
Long chromosome arms
Which molecule carries the genetic information needed to specify all aspects of what makes a human being a functional organism?
DNA
Where is the human genome found in the body?
In every nucleated cell
What is the approximate number of genes in the human genome?
20,000 to 50,000 genes
What are the components of nucleic acids?
Nitrogenous base, pentose, and phosphate
How are the nucleic components of DNA held together?
N-glycosidic bonds
Which nitrogenous base is found in both DNA and RNA?
Adenine
Which molecule is composed of a nucleoside and one or more phosphate groups?
Nucleotide
NTP is found in?
RNA
An example of a di-nucleotide is
dNDP
Which one of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?
All the above are
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with Hypouricemia?
Xanthine Oxidase
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with Hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/Juvenile Gout?
HGPRTase
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases (SCID)?
Adenosine Deaminase
What is the result of an immune system highly compromised in SCID?
Impaired function of both B cells and T cells
match the sources of each required component of purine synthesis.
3 NH3 = 2 gln --> 2 glu carbon - = - N10 formyl THFA --> THFA carbon = CO2 3 NH3 - = - asp --> fumarate
HGPRT is an enzyme used to change hypoxanthine into _____ and Xanthine into _____.
inosine; guanine
In the purine degradation process, Inosine is catalyzed to hypoxanthine by?
phosphorylase
The over expression of deaminase can cause?
Hemolytic anemia
Sources of carbon and nitrogen for pyrimidine synthesis.
N-1,C-4, and C-6 = Aspartate C-2 = CO2 N-3 = amide N of glutamine
Uracil is degraded to what during the degradation process of pyrimidines?
b-alanine
Thymidine is degraded to what during the degradation process of pyrimidines?
beta - aminoisobutyrate and then urea
What enzyme is used to synthesize deoxyribose from ribose
ribonucleotide reductase
Thymidylate (dTMP) requires?
Folate and B12
Inhibitors of thymidylate synthesis that directly inhibit the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).
Methotrexate and Aminopterin
Everything is true about pyrimidine synthesis except?
Need glycine to be synthesized.
Inhibitor of thymidylate synthase.
5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
chain growth is always ____ to ____.
5'-3'
A process to put nucleotide together is called?
polymerization
What provides the monomers and energy needed for polymerization?
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide
Define Bidirectional:
Both new strands synthesized simultaneously
Prokaryotic polymerase that is considered the main processive replicative enzyme.
Pol III
Replication enzyme functions
topoisomerase = cut the phosphate backbone SSB = Prevents single strands from rejoining DNA ligase = link okazaki fragments RNA primase = synthesizes RNA primer
DNA polymerase roles in eukaryotic DNA synthesis.
alpha = Primer synthesis and repair gamma = mitochondrial DNA replication Delta = lagging strand synthesis and repair epsilon = leading strand synthesis and gap filling on lagging strand
Exonucleases are defined as?
group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain.
All of these DNA synthesis inhibitors are considered chemotherapeutic agents except?
Aminopterin
Karyotyping is usually done using chromosomes in what phase?
metaphase
Euchromatin is the ___ type of chromatin and predominantly found in cells during ___.
active; interphase
What reactions is considered the foundation of protein activation?
phosphorylation/dephosphoryation
Telomeres serves as a termination zone.
True
In humans, the sequence used as the "cap" is?
TTAGGG
The erosion of the telomeres will affect the cell function
False
Test your knowledge on Thymidylate (dTMP) Synthesis Inhibitors in cancer therapy. Challenge yourself with questions on the role of B-12 and folate, one carbon metabolism, nucleoside analogs, and chemotherapeutic agents. Explore the inhibitors involved in Thymidylate Synthesis and their impact on cancer treatment.
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