Thoracic Region Quiz: Master Aorta Branches

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ascending aorta?

Supplying blood to the heart (correct)

Providing blood to the diaphragm and lungs

Supplying blood to the head and neck

Supplying blood to the digestive system

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

Platelets

Red blood cells

Tissue cells (correct)

White blood cells

What is the function of the celiac trunk?

Supplying blood to the diaphragm

Supplying blood to the kidneys

Supplying blood to the digestive system (correct)

Supplying blood to the legs

What is the term for the liquid component of blood?

Blood plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following branches of the abdominal aorta supplies blood to the kidneys?

Renal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in plasma?

91% to 92% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood becomes a universal recipient of plasma?

Type O- Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of prothrombin time (PT) in seconds?

0.8 to 1.1 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

To create, store, and transport urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ involved in detoxification or breaking down and removal of toxins from the body?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Where do protein hormones bind to their receptors?

On the surface of the target cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a hyper-secretion of growth hormone during childhood?

Gigantism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Play an important role in reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a deficiency of the pituitary hormone ADH?

Diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a lack of iodine in the diet?

Goiter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

To maintain a consistent internal environment Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone released by the hypothalamus regulates body temperature?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the hypothalamus malfunctioning?

A variety of problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that affects the hypothalamus?

Prader-Willi syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pituitary gland in relation to the hypothalamus?

To release hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the human body, branching into:
- Ascending aorta: provides blood to the heart
- Aortic arch: supplies blood to the head, neck, and arms
- Descending (or thoracic) aorta: supplies blood to the esophagus, spleen, and diaphragm
Abdominal aorta:
- Celiac trunk: first branch off the abdominal aorta, supplies blood to organs of the digestive and urinary systems
- Common iliac arteries: terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, supply blood to the legs

Blood Components

Blood contains:
- Plasma (55% of total blood volume): liquid component, comprising 91% water and 8% solid components (clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes, and immunoglobulins)
- Red blood cells: transport oxygen
- White blood cells: part of the immune system, help fight diseases and infections
- Platelets: cells that help with blood clotting
Plasma is replenished every 48 hours by drinking fluids
Human plasma is used for various purposes after donation, with type-matching for plasma being the opposite of type-matching for blood

Blood Clotting

Prothrombin time (PT) test: measures the time it takes for blood to produce a thrombus (blood clot)
Normal PT time: 0.8-1.1 seconds (11-13 seconds INR)
PT test evaluates plasma clotting factors, which are used in the coagulation cascade process to convert fibrinogen into fibrin, leading to clot formation

Venous System

Superior and inferior vena cava:
- Superior vena cava: collects blood from above the diaphragm
- Inferior vena cava: collects blood from below the diaphragm, is longer and wider than the superior vena cava
Both vessels return blood to the heart, which is then oxygenated and re-circulated

Heart Circulation

Heart has its own circulatory system, supplying oxygenated blood and removing deoxygenated blood
Middle cardiac vein: collects deoxygenated blood from the ventricles and ventricular septum, emptying into the coronary sinus, which returns blood to the right atrium

Urinary System

Comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Functions: create, store, and transport urine, removing toxins and waste from the body
Organs receive arterial, venous, and nerve supply from different vessels and nerve complexes
Common conditions affecting the urinary system include incontinence, urinary tract infections, urinary bladder infections, and kidney stones

Endocrine System

Comprised of glands that secrete hormones, which stimulate various bodily functions
Hormones are either proteins or steroids, binding to specific cells or organs through receptors
Examples of hormones and their functions:
- Testosterone and estrogen: sex hormones responsible for sexual development
- Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels
- Growth hormone: regulates physical growth in children
Hormone regulation is accomplished by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Growth Hormone

Produced in the anterior pituitary gland
Regulates physical growth in children
Hypo-secretion leads to pituitary dwarfism, while hyper-secretion leads to gigantism
Hyper-secretion in adulthood results in acromegaly

Thyroid Gland

Produces hormones essential for metabolism
Requires iodine to form properly, otherwise leading to goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland, resulting in slowed metabolism
Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland, resulting in Graves' disease and symptoms like bulging eyeballs (exophthalmos)

Hypothalamus

Small part of the brain, allowing communication between the nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates homeostasis, including temperature and water regulation
Functions closely with the pituitary gland, releasing hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Malfunction can cause various problems, including Prader-Willi syndrome and Familial Diabetes Insipidus

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Description

Learn about the largest blood vessel in the human body and its major branches in the thoracic region, including the ascending aorta and aortic arch. Understand their roles in supplying blood to the head, chest, arms, and other vital structures. Test your knowledge of the aorta and its functions!